Cardiovascular System

• Cardiovascular System


  The system responsible for circulating blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body
• Components of the cardiovascular system

  • Heart
  • Chambers
  • Valves
  • Blood Flow
  • Blood Vessels
• Heart


  • The central organ that pumps blood throughout the body
• Chambers

  • Two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers)
• Valves


  • Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves that ensure one-way blood flow
• Blood Flow

  1. Right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

  2. Left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
• Blood Vessels

  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
• Arteries


  Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except for the pulmonary artery)
• Veins

  Return deoxygenated blood to the heart (except for the pulmonary veins)
• Capillaries


  Tiny vessels where oxygen and nutrient exchange occurs with tissues
• Blood Components


  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
• Functions of the Blood

  • Transport
  • Regulation
  • Protection
• Pulmonary Circulation

  1. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

  2. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins
• Systemic Circulation

  1. Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

  2. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava
• Heart Rate and Stroke Volume

  Controlled by the autonomic nervous system and hormones
• Blood Pressure


  Regulated by the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and hormones like adrenaline and angiotensin
• Common Cardiovascular Disorders

  • Hypertension
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Heart Failure
  • Arrhythmias
  • Atherosclerosis
• Major Parts of the Heart

  • Atria (Right and Left Atrium)
  • Ventricles (Right and Left Ventricle)
  • Valves
  • Septum
• Right Atrium


  Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. It pumps this blood into the right ventricle.
• Left Atrium


  Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins. It pumps this blood into the left ventricle.
• Right Ventricle


  Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.
• Left Ventricle


  Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the rest of the body through the aorta.
• Tricuspid Valve


  Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Prevents backflow of blood into the atrium when the ventricle contracts.
• Pulmonary Valve


  Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Prevents backflow into the ventricle after it has pumped blood to the lungs.
• Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve


  Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Prevents backflow into the atrium when the ventricle contracts.
• Aortic Valve


  Located between the left ventricle and the aorta. Prevents backflow into the ventricle after it has pumped blood into the aorta.
• Interatrial Septum


  Separates the right and left atria.
• Interventricular Septum


  Separates the right and left ventricles.
• Superior and Inferior Vena Cava


  Bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.
• Pulmonary Arteries


  Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
• Pulmonary Veins

  Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
• Aorta


  Distributes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
• Sinoatrial (SA) Node


  Known as the pacemaker of the heart. It generates electrical impulses that initiate the heartbeat.
• Atrioventricular (AV) Node


  Receives the electrical impulse from the SA node and delays it slightly, allowing the atria to contract before the ventricles.
• Bundle of His


  Conducts the impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.
• Purkinje Fibers


  Spread the impulse throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract.
• Functions of the Heart Parts


  • Atria: Act as receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart. They pump blood into the ventricles.
  • Ventricles: Act as pumping chambers, sending blood out of the heart to the lungs or the rest of the body.
  • Valves: Ensure one-way blood flow through the heart, preventing backflow.
  • Septum: Prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the right and left sides of the heart.
  • Blood Vessels: Transport blood to and from the heart, lungs, and body tissues.
  • Conducting System: Regulates the heart rate and coordinates the contraction of the heart muscles to maintain a consistent heartbeat.