GENLAB LONG EXAM 2

• Terminologies


  • Anterior - head
  • Posterior - tail end
  • Dorsal - upper surface
  • Ventral - lower surface
  • Caudal - inferior surface; directed towards the tail
  • Cranial - superior surface; directed towards the cranium or brain
  • Medial - midline; middle
  • Lateral - toward the side of the body; away from the midline
  • Proximal - near the origin; point of attachment
  • Distal - far from the origin
  • Superficial - closer to the surface
  • Deep - away from the surface of the body
  • Ipsilateral - on the same side of the body
  • Contralateral - opposite side of the body
  • Transverse - upper or lower halves
  • Sagittal - sides
  • Frontal - front and back
• External Anatomy


  • Axial region - Head and trunk
  • Appendicular - Forelimb
  • Appendicular - Hindlimb
• Epidermis


  Stratified epithelium<|>Inner layer - cuboidal to columnar cells<|>Melanopores - black pigment
• Snout


  Most anterior portion of the head
• External nares


  Anterior opening for the respiratory system
• Tympanic membrane


  Response to sound waves
• Parotid


  Poison glands; behind tympanic membrane
• Eyes


  Vision
• Nictating membrane


  Protect their eyes; semi-transparent<|>Holds hydration<|>Third eyelid
• Branchium


  Upper area
• Antebrachium


  Lower area
• Manus


  Upper arm, hand
• Prepollux


  Thumb pad<|>Mules - nuptial pad<|>4 digits
• Prehallux


  Flippers; toes
• Crus/shank


  Between knee and foot
• Pes


  Distal portion of the hind limb
• Cloacal aperture


  Anus<|>Reproductive
• Internal nares


  Where frog breathes
• Maxillary teeth


  Holding their prey
• Vomerine teeth


  Posterior to internal nares<|>Horizontal
• Eye sockets


  Pushes their prey
• Gullet


  Opening of the esophagus
• Glottis


  Air
• Eustachian tube


  Prevent tympanic membrane from rupture
• Vocal sacs


  Amplifying mating call
• Male


  Darker, smaller, swollen tongue pad
• Musculoskeletal System


  • Skeletal System
  • Muscles
• Digestive System


  • Internal Mouth Parts
  • Pericardial Cavity (anterior) - containing the heart posterior
  • Pleuroperitoneal Cavity (posterior) - housing the lungs and other internal organs or viscera
  • Parietal Peritoneum - a glistening membrane in inner side of the muscular body wall
  • Liver - secretes bile and processes digested food molecules found under muscle layer
  • Bile - fluid produced by liver that aids in digestion of fats
  • Gall bladder - sac that stores bile - found between liver lobes
  • Small intestine - digests and absorption of digested food - found below stomach (pylorus, duodenum, ileum, ileocolic valve)
  • Large intestine - stores undigested food - found below small intestine
  • Spleen - organ in the circulatory system that makes, stores, and destroys blood cells - found behind small and large intestine
  • Pancreas - produces a variety of digestive enzymes that are delivered into the small intestine. The pancreas also produces a couple of hormones involved in sugar metabolism; insulin
• Digestive System Flow


  1. Mouth - mechanical digestion; maxillary, vomerine teeth, eye socket, tongue

  2. Gullet - opening of the esophagus

  3. Esophagus - bolus; peristalsis

  4. Stomach - chyme; spinchter and pyloric spinchter

  5. Small intestine - nutrient absorption; pylorus, duodenum, ileum, ileocolic

  6. Large intestine - water absorption

  7. Cloaca - elimination of waste
• Respiratory System


  • External Nares or Nostril
  • Internal Nares
  • Glottis
  • Larynx - voice box
  • Bronchus - extremely short tube connected to the lungs
  • Lungs - Membranous sacs lined by small air pockets called alveoli (alveolus, singular)
• Skin


  Thin membranous tissue<|>Mucus glands keep the frog moist
• Modes of Respiration in Frogs

  • Skin - cutaneous respiration
  • Lungs - pulmonary respiration
  • Lining of the mouth - buccopharyngeal respiration
• Pulmonary Respiration


  1. External nares

  2. Internal nares

  3. Glottis

  4. Bronchus

  5. Lungs
• Circulatory System


  • Heart
  • Veins - Systemic Veins, Portal Veins, Pulmonary Veins
  • Conus Arteriosus
  • Truncus Arteriosus
• Heart


  Right atrium - chamber that receives blood from the sinus venosus<|>Left atrium - chamber that receives blood from the lungs<|>Ventricle - chamber that pumps blood out of the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body<|>Anterior vena cava - large vein that carries blood from the anterior part of the body toward the heart<|>Posterior vena cava - large vein that carries blood from the posterior part of the body towards the heart<|>Truncus arteriosus - large artery that carries blood away from the ventricle into branches that lead all parts of the body<|>Inter-atrial septum - wall separating the right and left atrium<|>Semilunar veins - flaps that open into the conus arteriosus<|>Atrio-ventricular valves - thin flaps between the atria and ventricle
• Included in the Exam

  • Heart
  • Sinus venosus
  • Truncus arteriosus
  • Precava
  • Postcava
  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Ventricle
• Urogenital System


  • Excretory System - Kidney, Mesonephric duct, Urinary bladder
  • Reproductive System - Testes, Ovaries, Mesorchium, Fat body or corpora adiposa, Adrenal gland, Seminal vesicle
• Urine Pathway


  1. Kidney

  2. Mesonephric duct

  3. Urinary bladder

  4. Cloaca
• Egg Cell Pathway


  1. Ovary

  2. Oviduct

  3. Cloaca
• Sperm Pathway


  1. Testis

  2. Vas deferens

  3. Cloaca