Formulas

• Number of Protons = Atomic number

  Number of Neutrons= Mass number- Atomic number

  Number of Electrons= Atomic number + charge (-, + or 0)
• Weight/Mass

  16oz = 1lb

  1kg = 2.2lbs

  454g = 1lb

  1 ton = 2000lbs
• Length/Distance

  1 inch = 2.54 cm

  1 mile = 5280 ft = 1.609 km

  1 yard = 3 ft = 36 inch

  1 m = 39.3 inch = 3.28 ft
• Temperature

  K = (C + 273)

  C = K + 273 or C = 5/9(F - 32)

  F = 9/5 (C) + 32
• Avogadro's Number

  1 mole = 6.022x10^23 representative particles (atoms, molecules)
• Density = mass/volume
• Specific Gravity = density of substance/density of standard (usually water)
• Number of moles of substance = mass of sample/molar mass of substance
• Mass of substance = (molecular or formula mass) x (number of moles)
• Percent by mass = mass of solute/mass of solution x 100
• Percent by volume = volume of solute/volume of solution x 100
• Percent by mass-volume = mass of solute/volume of solution x 100
• Mole fraction and mole percent = moles of component/ total moles of solution
• Molarity = mol solute/ L solution
• Molality = mol solute/kg solvent
• Normality = equivalents of solute/ L solution
• Dilution: C1V1 = C2V2
• Boyle's law: P1V1 = P2V2
• Charles's law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
• Gay-Lussac's law: P1/T1 = P2/T2
• Avogadro's law: V1/n1 = V2/n2
• Combined Gas law: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
• Ideal Gas law: PV = nRT
• P = pressure (in atm)

  V = volume (in L)

  T = temperature (in kelvin)

  n = amount of gas (in mol)

  
  

  R = 0.0821 X L X atm/mol x K
• g = 9.8 m/s^2

  v = speed

  v ave = average speed

  vf = final speed

  vi = initial speed

  d = distance

  t = time

  a = acceleration
• v = d/t
• v ave = vi + vf/2
• vf = vi + at
• a = vf - vi/t
• d = vit + 1/2
• free fall

  vf = gt

  d = 1/2 gt^2
• Horizontal motion: dx = vxt
• Vertical Motion: dy = vit + 1/2 gt^2
• uniform circular motion:

  a = v^2/r

  F = mv^2/r
• Acceleration : a = f/m
• Newton's law of universal gravitation:

  Fg = G x m1 + m2/d^2

  where G = 6.67 X 10^-11 m^2/kg^2
• d = m/v

  w = mg
• Work and Energy:

  work = force x distance

  power = work/time
• Kinetic Energy (KE) = 1/2 mv^2

  Potential Energy (PE) = mgh
• Mechanical Energy = KE + PE