shorten

• Anatomy


  The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology


  The study of how the body and its parts work or function
• Specialization in Anatomy

  • Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
  • Regional Anatomy
  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Surface Anatomy
  • Microscopic Anatomy
  • Developmental Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy


  • Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
  • Subdivisions include Histology (study of tissues at the microscopic level) and Cytology (study of cells at the microscopic level)
• Developmental Anatomy


  • Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan
  • Subdivision includes Embryology - concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
• Specialization in Physiology

  • Renal Physiology
  • Neurophysiology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
• Anatomical Position


  Reference position in which the body is standing erect, facing forward, arms down at the side, and palms turned forward
• Directional Terms

  • Superior or cranial
  • Inferior or caudal
  • Anterior or ventral
  • Posterior or dorsal
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Intermediate
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superficial (external)
  • Deep (internal)
• Axial Region


  Refers to the main axis of the body - the head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular Region


  Refers to the appendages - the arms and legs
• Body Planes/Sections

  • Sagittal planes
  • Frontal (coronal) planes
  • Transverse (horizontal) planes
• Body Cavities

  • Ventral Cavity (Thoracic Cavity, Abdominopelvic Cavity)
  • Dorsal Cavity (Cranial Cavity, Spinal Cavity)
• Cell


  The basic and smallest functional unit of all living things
• Cell Composition

  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cytoskeleton
• Other Cell Parts

  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Centrosome
  • Cell Extensions (Microvilli, Cilia, Flagella)
  • Nucleus
• Cell Junctions

  Desmosomes (protein attachments between adjacent cells)<|>Tight Junctions (tightly stitched seams between cells)<|>Gap Junctions (narrow tunnels between cells allowing communication)
• Tissue Types

  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue Classifications

  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Transitional
• Epithelial Tissue Arrangements

  • Simple epithelium
  • Stratified epithelium
  • Pseudostratified epithelium
• Epithelial Tissue Types

  • Simple Squamous Epithelium
  • Stratified squamous Epithelium
  • Simple Columnar Epithelium
  • Stratified transitional Epithelium
  • Pseudostratified Epithelium
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Stratified epithelium


  Epithelium consisting of multiple layers
• Pseudostratified epithelium


  Single layer of cells of different sizes, giving the appearance of being multilayered
• Types of epithelium

  • Simple Squamous Epithelium
  • Stratified squamous Epithelium
  • Simple Columnar Epithelium
  • Stratified transitional Epithelium
  • Pseudostratified Epithelium
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Areolar (loose connective) tissue


  • Fibrous glue (fascia) that holds organ together; collagenous and elastic fibers, plus a variety of cell types
• Adipose (fat) tissue


  • Lipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat produces heat
• Reticular tissue


  • Delicate net of collagen fibers, as in bone marrow
• Dense fibrous tissue


  • Bundles of strong collagen fibers
• Bone tissue


  • Matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection
• Cartilage tissue


  • Matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel
• Blood tissue


  • Matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection
• Skeletal muscle


  • Attaches to bones; also called striated or voluntary, control is voluntary, striations apparent when viewed under a microscope
• Cardiac muscle

  • Striated involuntary; composes heart wall; ordinarily cannot control contractions; with intercalated disc
• Smooth muscle


  • Also called non-striated (visceral) or involuntary; no cross striations; found in blood vessels and other tube-shaped organs
• Neurons

  • Conduction cells: Axon (one) - carries nerve impulse away from cell body, Dendrites (one or more) - carry nerve impulse toward the cell body
• Glia (neuralgia)


  • Supportive and connecting cells
• The skin, or integument, is considered an organ because it consists of all four tissue types
• The skin consists of two primary layers, the epidermis and the underlying dermis
• Functions of the skin

  • Protection
  • Sensation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Synthesis of vitamin D
  • Excretion
• Keratinocytes


  Produce keratin, a protein that hardens and waterproofs the skin; mature keratinocytes at the skin surface are dead and filled almost entirely with keratin
• Melanocytes


  Produce melanin, a pigment that protects cells from ultraviolet radiation; melanin from the melanocytes is transferred to the keratinocytes