What was the population of England when Henry became King?
2.5 million
Where did the vast majority of the population live at this time?
In the countryside (only 6% in towns)
What religion did the entire country follow?
Roman Catholicism
In what year had Henry’s older brother Arthur died of tuberculosis?
1502
What sport had Henry’s father banned him from participating in to protect him from harm?
Jousting
Whom did Henry marry in 1509?
Catherine of Aragon
What talents did the young Henry VIII have?
Jousting, Archery, Wrestling, Languages (French, Latin, Spanish), Music, Dancing
Who did Henry believe had appointed him to be king?
God (the Divine Right)
Which aspect of Henry’s personality did his advisers find particularly difficult to deal with?
His Stubbornness
What is the term used to describe the structure of English society at the time of Henry, when society was ranked in terms of people’s wealth and status?
Hierarchical
Who was at the top of the ‘Great Chain of Being’?
God
What was the name for the part of Henry’s government where he met with advisers, held audiences and made important decisions?
royal household
Which two groups did Henry increasingly listen to for their advice?
Royal Council and Privy Chamber
What was Henry’s attitude towards paperwork and administration?
He found them boring and was happy for others to do them for him
What sort of court did Henry want to create?
Dazzling and impressive, which would attract the best scholars and musicians
What did Henry want to achieve in France?
Win lots of military victories over the French
What were Henry’s five main aims as monarch?
Decide on policies
Win victories in battle
Create a magnificent royal court
Attract great men to his court
Perform traditional duties of a king
In what year was Thomas Wolsey appointed Henry’s Lord Chancellor?
1515
What positions of religious importance did Wolsey also hold?
Archbishop of York, Cardinal (also Bishop of Lincoln)
What aspect of Wolsey’s childhood illustrates his humble background?
He was the son of an Ipswich butcher
What was the first role that Wolsey was given when Henry became king in 1509?
Royal Almoner (in charge of giving money to the poor)
What task did Henry give Wolsey in 1512?
Royal Almoner (in charge of giving money to the poor)
What task did Henry give Wolsey in 1512?
Organise an army for war against France
In what year was Wolsey made a papal legate (representative of the Pope)?
1518
What sorts of tasks did Wolsey do for Henry in particular?
All the paperwork and administrative tasks that Henry found boring
Who was the only person in England who was wealthier than Wolsey?
Henry
Which two palaces did Wolsey build for himself?
York House and Hampton Court Palace
Why did many people end up fearing Wolsey?
He was ruthless towards his opponents
What criticism was often made of the justice system before Wolsey?
It was slow, expensive and unfair
What was the name of the special royal court strengthened by Wolsey to try to get fairer justice?
Star Chamber��
How did the work rate of this court increase under Wolsey’s control?
From 12 cases a year to 120 cases a year
What did lots of people think was Wolsey’s real motivation for strengthening this court?
What did lots of people think was Wolsey’s real motivation for strengthening this court?
What is the term for the practice of individual landowners fencing off bits of common land so that no one else (other than themselves) can use it to graze their animals?
Enclosure
How many court cases did Wolsey’s investigations into this practice lead to?
260
How did angry landowners force Wolsey to stop his investigations?
1523
Why did Henry want more money than direct taxation was currently providing him with?
To fund his wars against France
What was the name of the new tax that Wolsey devised to try to raise more money for Henry?
Subsidy
What other methods did Wolsey use to try to raise money?
Fifteenths and tenths; Forced loans; Taxing the Church; Crown lands
Why did Henry VIII want more money in 1525?
To allow him to invade France when it was most vulnerable (the French king had just been captured)