l3

• Definitions of who is ‘elderly’ vary from population to population. In Australia, the definition of the elderly currently refers to people aged over 65 (although some government departments use the population of people over 70 instead). In countries such as India and Malaysia, people are regarded as elderly when they are 60 or over.
• Senior Citizens, any resident citizen of the Philippines at least sixty (60) years old
• Elderly means relating to or characteristics of later life or elderly persons- (Merriam-Webster)
• In the USA and a large part of Western Europe, where there is a strong cultural emphasis on the individual, there is usually no expectation that an older relative will live with younger ones, although it does sometimes happen. Indeed, in general it is seen almost as a cultural “rite of passage” that young people leave home to set up on their own in their late teens and early twenties.
• National Center for Geriatric Health - The NCGH is a specialized hospital that provides medical and rehabilitation services to older adults under the Department of Health.
• The NCGH is the country's first senior citizen hospital established on May 16, 2010 during the term of former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
• In Korea, the 60th and 70th birthdays are prominent life events, which are commemorated with large-scale family parties and feasts. As in Chinese culture, the universal expectation in Korea is that roles reverse once parents age, and that it is an adult child’s duty to care for his or her parents.
• Elders are considered the carriers of knowledge, tradition and wisdom in Vietnamese culture and elderly grandparents live with their families for support and care. They contribute to the household by preparing meals and caring for grandchildren. Elders are considered the head of the family, and their advice is valued to the point where they are the decision makers in the household.
• China’s rapid economic development has caused some

  problems for people keeping in touch with elderly parents, such that in 2004, a law was introduced called the Elderly Rights Law, requiring adult children to visit their elderly parents often, regardless of how far away they live.
• Japan too, values respect for the elderly, and children are expected to care for their parents, although Japan’s elderly population is increasingly elderly. It is estimated that about three quarters of elderly Japanese parents live with their adult children.
• Traditions of extended family living still prevail in many parts of the East, no more so than in India, where several generations still live under one roof, as it is the custom for a newly-wed couple to move in with the son’s parents.
• Deuteronomy 5:16: 'Honor your father and mother, as the Lord, your God, has commanded you, that you may have a long life and prosperity in the land which the Lord, your God is giving you.'
• Ephesians 6:1-3: 'Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for that is what is expected of you. Honor your father and mother is the first commandment to carry a promise with it. – "that it may go well with you, and that you may have long life on earth.'
• Exodus 21:17: 'Whoever curses his father or mother shall be put to death.'
• Colossians 3:20: 'You children, obey your parents in everything as the acceptable way in the Lord.'
• In Buddhism, respect for one’s parent is

  associated with filial piety.
• Buddhist teachings would remind their adherents that since parents spend so much time raising their children,

  children must repay the pains their parents took.
• Buddhism teaches that this is particularly true of mothers who experience additional pains while carrying the child in the womb for nine months and then giving birth. Buddhism even spells out how one should take care of his/her parents.
• It says that one of the best ways of showing respect for the elderly is to provide for their needs. Since a senior citizen has wisdom accumulated over a long lifetime, younger people can show respect by listening to the advice of their elders. Buddhist also extends the idea of filial piety to all senior citizens.
• Filial Piety in Confucian philosophy


  • Be good to one's parents
  • Take care of one's parents
  • Engage in good conduct not just toward parents, but also outside the home so as to bring a good name to one's parents and ancestors
  • Perform the duties to one's job well so as to obtain the material means to support parents as well as carry out sacrifices to the ancestors
  • Not be rebellious
  • Show love, respect, and support
  • Display courtesy
  • Ensure male heirs, uphold fraternity among brothers
  • Wisely advise one's parents, including dissuading them form moral righteousness
  • Display sorrow for their sickness and death
  • Carry out sacrifices after their death
• In Filipino culture, respect for older adults and family is highly valued, and caring for aging parents is considered a responsibility of adult children. As a result, older adults in the Philippines often rely on their families for financial and emotional support.
• A Filipino term for this practice is "Pagpapakatao", which translates to "giving value to human worth". It refers to the obligation of children to take care of their aging parents as a way of honoring them for the sacrifices they made to raise and provide for their children.
• While this tradition is not strictly enforced by law, it is deeply ingrained in Filipino culture and is often seen as a moral obligation.
• Moral means relating to beliefs about what is right or wrong.
• The character of a person or place consists of all the qualities they have that make them distinct from other people or places.
• Moral Character is perhaps best described as the totality of a person’s dispositions or characteristics that play a role in how the person, morally speaking, behaves.
• Moral development is what each person goes through as they grow and develop. The moral development definition refers to the ways people choose between right and wrong as they mature.
• Morals are influenced by social and cultural norms, as well as established laws. Moral development begins in childhood and typically ends when one reaches adulthood; however, it has been suggested that moral development is a continuous process.
• STAGE OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

  LEVEL 1: Preconventional Morality

  • Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment
  • Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange

  LEVEL 2: Conventional Morality

  • Stage 3. Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships
  • Stage 4. Maintaining Social Order

  LEVEL 3: Postconventional Morality

  • Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights
  • Stage 6. Universal Principles
• Preconventional morality is the earliest period of moral development. It lasts until around the age of 9. At this age, children's decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences of breaking the rules.
• Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment): The earliest stages of moral development, obedience and punishment are especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning. According to Kohlberg, people at this stage see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a way to avoid punishment.
• Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange): At the individualism and exchange stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. In the Heinz dilemma, children argued that the best course of action was the choice that best served Heinz’s needs.
• Stage 2 observes how children begin to adopt the views taught, but also recognize that there is more than one point of view for each matter. Each person is different and will, therefore, have a unique outlook according to their interests. In terms of our example above, they may reason that “he may think that it is right to take the drug, but the pharmacist would not.”
• Level 2

  The next period of moral development is marked by the acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral. During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society.

  This period also focuses on the acceptance of authority and conforming to the norms of the group.
• Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships): Often referred to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, this stage of the interpersonal relationship of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conformity, being "nice," and consideration of how choices influence relationships.
• Stage 3 recognizes the desire to be accepted into societal groups as well as how each person is affected by the outcome. In terms of our example above, the man should take the medicine from the pharmacy in order to be a good partner to his wife.
• Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order): This stage is focused on ensuring that social order is maintained. At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty, and respecting authority.
• In stage 4, laws and social order reign supreme. Rules and regulations are to be followed and obeyed. In the above example, the man should not steal the medicine because it is against the law.
• Stage four shows the moral development of a person as a part of a whole society. Each person becomes more aware of the impact of everyone’s actions on others and focuses now on their own role, following the rules, and obeying authorities.
• participants in stage four would argue that while they understood why he wanted to steal the medication, they could not support the idea of theft. Society cannot maintain order if its members decided to break the laws when they thought they had a good enough reason to do so.