Oral Com

• Communication is a two-way process of connecting to both living and non-living things.
• Communication


  A means of sharing and exchanging messages, information, ideas, and feelings for mutual understanding
• Effective communication process


  • Message delivered and understood
  • Receiver gives response
  • Achieves intended result
• In oral communication, it is not a good choice when important information needs to be documented.
• Verbal Cues


  Prompting that people use to indicate that they expect a response or reaction
• Non-Verbal Cues


  Perceptual information communicated in a social exchange by signs accompanying the words used in speech
• Verbal communication


  The use of sounds and words to express oneself
• Non-verbal communication


  Conveys a message through gestures, body movements, and facial expressions
• Elements of communication process

  • Sender
  • Message
  • Channel
  • Receiver
  • Feedback
• Feedback can come in the form of verbal and nonverbal response of the receiver.
• Formal communication


  Type of communication used in formal, ceremonial or dignified gatherings
• Informal communication


  Characterized by free, casual and spontaneous exchange
• Formal communication


  • Controlled, well thought out, and prepared
  • Conforms to certain rules and conventions
• Informal communication


  • Unrestrained by rules and conventions
  • Occurs in everyday life
• Linear communication


  One-way communication focusing on the transmission of a message
• Interactive approach


  A two-way communication process where a response is given
• Transactional model


  A circular process of interaction between persons involved in communication
• Types of barriers to communication

  • Physical Barriers
  • Psychological Barriers
  • Linguistic Barriers
  • External Noises
  • Internal Noises
  • Semantic Noises
  • Inattention
  • Complexity
  • Information overload
  • Poor retention
  • Lack of confidence
  • Shyness
  • Lack of support
• Physical Barriers


  Natural or environmental conditions that act as a barrier in communication
• Psychological Barriers


  Social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others
• Linguistic Barriers


  Conflicts with regard to language and word meanings
• External Noises


  Sight, sound, and other stimuli that draw attention from intended meaning
• Internal Noises


  Thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning
• Semantic noises


  Alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols
• Inattention occurs when we just hear but do not listen.
• Complexity


  Greater hierarchy in an organization increases chances of communication breakdown
• Information overload


  Excessive information flow can lead to misinterpretation or oversight
• Poor retention


  Human memory cannot function beyond a limit
• Types of speech context

  • Intrapersonal
  • Interpersonal
  • Public Communication
  • Mass Communication
• Intrapersonal communication


  Focused on one person, where the speaker acts as both sender and receiver
• Interpersonal communication


  Takes place between and among people, creating personal relationships
• Types of interpersonal communication

  • Dyad
  • Small Group
• Public communication


  Sending or delivering a message before a crowd
• Mass communication


  Communication through various media such as television, radio, and the internet
• Types of speech style

  • Intimate
  • Casual
  • Consultative
  • Formal
  • Frozen
• Intimate speech style


  Used for very close relationships
• Casual speech style


  Informal communication between peers with shared background
• Consultative speech style


  Semi-formal and standard communication
• Formal speech style


  A one-way straightforward speech
• Frozen speech style


  The most formal communicative style used during solemn ceremonies