week 6 lecture 1 - innate immune cells

• what are the two types of immune system?

  1. innate
  2. acquired/adaptive
• what are the 5 branches of cells in the innate immune system?

  neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes
• what are the 2 types of cells in the acquired immune cells?

  lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
• what type of cell distinguishes 'self' from 'non-self'?

  lymphocytes
• what are CD antigens?


  cell surface antigens of leukocytes, and important for immune reactions of organisms
• what does the CD in CD antigen stand for?

  'cluster of differentiation'
• CD antigens are found in various immune cell populations, such as B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and NK cells
• where are B cells found?

  bone marrow
• where are T cells found?

  the thymus gland
• where is the thymus gland?

  between the lungs
• name 4 places where immune cells are found?

  1. blood
  2. lymph nodes
  3. spleen
  4. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
• where is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue found?

  the GI tract, nasopharynx, thyroid, breast, lung, eye and skin
• what are the two options stem cells can differentiate into (in the immune system)?

  1. lymphoid stem cells
  2. myeloid progenitor cells
• what develops from lymphoid stem cells?

  lymphocyte stem cells
• what develops from myeloid progenitor cells?

  granulocytes
• what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

  1. B cells
  2. T cells
  3. Natural Killer cells
• what can T cells specialise into?

  1. Th (T helper)
  2. Tc (cytotoxic T cells)
• what are the two types of B cell?

  1. plasma
  2. memory
• what are the 5 types of granulocytes?

  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
  4. mast cells
  5. monocytes
• what can monocytes differentiate into?

  1. macrophages
  2. dendritic cells
• how are B cells developed, starting from haematopoietic stem cells (HSC)?

  HSC -> MPP -> CLP (common lymphoid progenitor) -> Pro/Pre B -> Pre B cells -> immature B cells
• what are progenitors?

  cells that can differentiate into a target cell type
• adaptations of erythrocytes

  • no nuclei
  • biconcave
  • contains haemoglobin (to carry oxygen)
• how many erythrocytes are in 1 ml of blood?

  5-6 million
• what are platelets?

  small, colourless fragments of cells which form clots
• where are platelets formed?

  in bone marrow
• platelets have no nucleus
• how many platelets are there per ml of blood?

  250,000-400,000
• what are the two main groups of leukocytes?

  1. granulocytes
  2. agranulocytes
• how many leukocytes are there per ml of blood?

  5,000-10,000
• what 2 things differentiate granulocytes from agranulocytes?

  1. granulocytes are present in the cytoplasm in the form of granules, whereas agranulocytes exist without granules
  2. granulocytes have 4 lobes, whereas agranulocytes have 1 lobe
• what do granules contain?

  membrane-bound enzymes
• what do agranulocytes contain?

  lysosomes
• what do you call something with more than one lobe?

  polymorphonuclear
• give 2 examples of agranulocytes

  1. lymphocytes
  2. monocytes
• what are the different types of granulocytes characterised based on?

  the basis of staining characteristics
• what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
• how much of leukocytes are made up of neutrophils?

  50-70%
• what is the main function of a neutrophil?

  targeting bacteria and fungi
• how much of leukocytes are made up of eosinophils?

  1-3%