ETHICS

• The word ethic comes from the Greek word “ethos” which means customs or moral.
• study of morality: GOOD OR EVIL

  ETHICS
• actions are being judged

  HUMAN ACTS
• WILLINGNESS

  AWARENESS

  FREEDOM

  HUMAN ACTS
• 3 BRANCHES OF ETHICS

  1. Metaethics
  2. Normative Ethics
  3. Applied Ethics
• • foundation of morality itself
  • What is morality?
  • what is its nature?

  METAETHICS
• DIFFERENT METAEHICS VIEWS

  1. MORAL REALISM- aims to establish moral facts (no argument, scientific facts) - if its good, its good, if its evil, its evil
  2. MORAL ANTIREALISM- Moral subjectivism
• • moral facts and scientific facts
  • can only be answered by TRUE OR FALSE

  MORAL REALISM
• everything that is believed are true

  GROUNDING PROBLEM
• • clear
  • objective
  • unmoving

  GROUNDING PROBLEM
• • one moral standard
  • absolute standard
  • closeminded

  MORAL ABSOLUTISM
• more than one moral standard

  open-minded

  cultural relativism- you respect other's beliefs, culture and opinion

  MORAL RELATIVISM
• 2 KINDS OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM

  1. DESCRIPTIVE CULTURAL RELATIVISM-people moral beliefs differ from culture to culture
  2. NORMATIVE CULTURA RELATIVISM- person to person within the culture
• If every culture is the sole arbiter of what's right for I, that means no culture can be actually wrong
• • subjective
  • do things for no reason
  • NO MORAL FACTS
  • moral propositions

  MORAL ANTIREALISM
• Moral statements can be true and false-right or wrong- but refer only to people's attitude rather than their actions

  MORAL SUBJECTIVISM
• • deals with norms
  • study of ethical action
  • set out rightness or wrongness of the actions
  • known as PRESCRIPTIVES ETHICS

  NORMATIVE ETHICS
• • If mabuti, do it, if not then don't do it
  • there is a SENSE OF GUILT
  • non compliance of moral standards

  MORAL STANDARDS
• you don't feel guilty but it is shameful

  also called as Folkways

  NON-MORAL STANDARDS
• TELEOLOGICAL/CONSEQUENTIALIST

  CONSEQUENCE STANDARDS
• TELE means END, RESULT, OR CONSEQUENCE
• general welfare

  the greatest good for the greatest number

  TELEOLOGICAL STANDARDS
• depends on sense of duty, natural law, virtue, and demand of the situation or circumstances

  DEONTOLOGICAL
• DEONTOLOGICAL MORAL STANDARDS

  1. Natural law
  2. Virtue Ethics
  3. Situation Ethics
• • do good and avoid evil
  • law of God revealed through human reason
  • law of God written in the hearts of men


  NATURAL LAW (THOMAS AQUINAS)
• • what a virtuous person does
  • goal is to achieve HAPPINESS to have BALANCE

  VIRTUE ETHICS (ARISTOTLE)
• case to case

  it depends on the situation/circumstances

  SITUATION ETHICS
• you do it because its your duty

  there is sense of responsibility

  SENSE OF DUTY
• • Apply ethical principles
  • real-life moral issues
  • practical fields
  • depends on profession (Business, Clinical, Organization, Social)

  APPLIED ETHICS
• • lose-to-lose situation
  • MORAL OBLIGATION TO CHOOSE BETWEEN TWO OPTIONS BUT CAN'T CHOOSE BOTH AND CHOOSING MEANS VIOLATING THE OTHER
  • required to choose
  • can do one but can't do both

  MORAL DILEMMA
• deadlock- damn if you do, damn if you don't


  MORAL FAILURE
• • Win-Lose Situation
  • Do something else for one thing
  • tempting

  FALSE DILEMMA
• LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA

  1. Individual- personal dilemma, the choices you made, you made yourself
  2. Organizational- between personal interest and organization welfare
  3. Structural Dilemma- it depends on the sector you belong
• Differentiation vs. Intergration: UNITY
• GAP- Walang gumagawa

  vs.

  OVERLAP- redundant procedure
• lack of clarity- no job description

  vs

  lack of creativity- no intitiative
• FLEXIBILITY- bend rules

  vs.

  STRICT ADHERENCE OF RULES-stick strictly to rules
• EXCESSIVE AUTONOMY- too much freedom


  vs

  EXCESSIVE INTERDEPENDENCE- too dependent
• CENTRALIZED- MALanang

  vs.

  DECENTRALIZED- FEDERALISM