Sts g4 biotechnology

• Biotechnology


  The use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society
• Karol Ereky coined the term 'biotechnology'


  1919
• Biotechnology has existed since the beginning of civilization with the domestication of plants, animals and the discovery of fermentation
• Biotechnology (layman's definition)


  Technology which makes our life convenient and comfortable with the employment of biological resources
• Historical developments in biotechnology

  • Ancient Civilizations
  • 1954
  • 1973
  • 1980
  • 21st Century
  • In recent years
• Biotechnology's roots can be found in ancient practices such as fermentation
• Watson and Crick discovered the double-helix structure of DNA


  1953
• The field of biotechnology began to take shape with the discovery of DNA and genetic engineering
• Stanley Cohen and Herbet Boyer successfully transferred a gene from one organism to another


  1973
• The development of recombinant DNA technology allowed scientists to manipulate genes from different organisms
• The first genetically modified organisms were created in 1980
• The completion of the Human Genome Project marked a milestone in biotechnology

  2003
• Synthetic Biology combines biology and engineering principles to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems
• Applications of Biotechnology

  • Agriculture
  • Medicine
  • Environment
  • Research and Development
  • Industrial Applications
• Biotechnology in Agriculture

  • Improving food quality, quantity, and processing
  • Using bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides
  • Increasing yield and lowering production costs
• Biotechnology in Medicine

  • Development of innovative techniques for diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases
  • Providing effective treatments and prevention measures
  • Introduction of diagnostic tools for disease detection
• Biotechnology in Environment

  • Controlling environmental pollution
  • Biodegradation of pollutants
  • Bioremediation and biomonitoring
• Biotechnology in Research and Development

  • Drives innovation and scientific research across disciplines
  • Supports discoveries in biological processes
• Biotechnology in Industrial Applications

  • Production of enzymes, biofuels, bioplastics, and biochemicals
  • Offers sustainable alternatives to traditional manufacturing processes
• Pros of Biotechnology

  • Advances in Medicine
  • Agricultural Benefits
  • Environmental Sustainability
  • Industrial Applications
  • Research and Innovation
  • Improved Diagnostics
• Cons of Biotechnology

  • Ethical Concerns
  • Environmental Risks
  • Health Risks
  • Economic Divide
  • Regulatory Challenges
  • Biosecurity Risks
  • Dependency on Technology
• CRISPR


  A groundbreaking genetic engineering technology that allows scientists to alter DNA sequences and modify gene function
• Process of CRISPR

  1. Designing gRNA

  2. Complex Formation

  3. DNA Targeting

  4. DNA Cleavage

  5. DNA Repair
• Base Editing


  A more precise form of CRISPR that allows for the conversion of one DNA base pair to another without causing double-strand breaks
• Prime Editing


  An advanced CRISPR technique that enables the precise insertion, deletion, and modification of DNA sequences
• CRISPR Interference (CRISPRi)


  Uses a deactivated Cas9 that can bind to DNA but not cut it, effectively blocking gene transcription
• CRISPR Activation (CRISPRa)


  Uses dCas9 fused to transcriptional activators to increase gene expression
• CRISPR-Cas12


  Similar to Cas9 but can also target single-stranded DNA
• CRISPR-Cas13


  Targets RNA instead of DNA, useful for studying and manipulating RNA molecules
• Gene Editing


  A powerful technology that allows scientists to modify an organism's DNA with high precision
• Applications of Gene Editing


  • Gene Therapy
  • Cancer Treatment
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Crop Improvement
  • Nutritional Enhancement
  • Livestock Engineering
  • Functional Genomics
  • Model Organisms
  • Synthetic Biology
• Genetic diseases

  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Muscular dystrophy
• Cancer Treatment


  Engineering immune cells to better target and destroy cancer cells
• Cancer Treatment


  • CAR-T cell therapy
• Infectious Diseases Treatments

  • HIV
  • COVID-19
• Agriculture Applications

  • Crop Improvement
  • Nutritional Enhancement
  • Livestock Engineering
• Crop Improvement


  Creating crops with enhanced traits such as disease resistance, improved yield, and tolerance to environmental stresses
• Nutritional Enhancement


  Modifying crops to improve their nutritional content and yield
• Livestock Engineering


  Producing animals with desirable traits, such as disease resistance and improved productivity
• Functional Genomics


  Understanding the role of specific genes in health and disease by creating gene knockouts or knock-ins in model organisms