FINAL EXAM

• The digestive system is concerned with the conversion of food into basic nutrients for energy, growth, development, and repair.
• Digestive system functions


  1. Ingestion of food

  2. Physical and chemical digestion of food

  3. Absorption of nutrient molecules

  4. Elimination of undigested remains
• Tongue


  Attaches to the front of the mouth
• Sticky mucus on the tongue

  Helps grab the prey
• Frog can shoot its tongue and retract it in 0.07 seconds
• Maxillary teeth


  • Around the upper edge of the jaw
  • Holds prey
• Vomerine teeth


  • Used to hold the prey
  • Keeps it in place till they can get a good grip
• Glottis


  Opening at back of mouth leads to lungs; gas exchange
• Esophagus


  Connects the mouth to the stomach
• Eye sockets


  Helps push food down the throat
• Nictitating Membrane


  Clear eyelid; protects the eye
• Tympanic Membrane


  Ear drum; detects high pitched sounds
• Cavities


  • Pericardial cavity
  • Pleuroperitoneal cavity
  • Parietal peritoneum
• Pericardial cavity


  Containing the heart
• Pleuroperitoneal cavity


  Housing the lungs and other internal organs or viscera
• Parietal peritoneum


  A glistening membrane in inner side of the muscular body wall
• Liver


  • Secretes bile
  • Processes digested food molecules
  • Divided into three lobes
  • Largest and most conspicuous organ
• Bile


  Fluid produced by liver that aids in digestion of fats
• Gall bladder


  Sac that stores bile
• Fat Bodies


  • Bright orange or yellow
  • Provide energy during hibernation or estivation
• Stomach


  Stores food and mixes it with enzymes to begin digestion
• Rugae


  • Folds in the stomach lining
  • Increase surface area
  • Stretch to increase stomach volume
• Small intestine


  Digests and absorbs digested food
• Large intestine


  Stores undigested food
• Mesentery


  Fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall
• Spleen


  Organ in the circulatory system that makes, stores, and destroys blood cells
• Pancreas


  Produces digestive enzymes delivered into the small intestine<|>Produces hormones involved in sugar metabolism
• Frog’s pancreas is a thin tissue strap located within the curve of the stomach
• Amphibian heart


  • Three-chambered heart
  • Resides in the pericardium
• Pericardium


  Sac-like structure that contains lubricating pericardial fluid
• Digestive system flow


  1. Mouth

  2. Gullet

  3. Esophagus

  4. Stomach

  5. Small intestine

  6. Large intestine

  7. Cloaca
• Buccal cavity


  Internal nares connect to external nares<|>Where the frog breathes
• Eustachian tube


  Equalizes pressure on both sides of the eardrum
• Lungs


  Membranous sacs lined by small air pockets called alveoli
• External nares


  A pair of openings at the anterolateral part of the snout
• Glottis


  Slit-like opening at the posterior region of the pharynx
• Larynx


  Voice box
• Bronchus


  Extremely short tube connected to the lungs
• Surfaces used for gas exchange

  • Skin
  • Lungs
  • Lining of the mouth
• Skin


  Composed of thin membranous tissue