Halogen derivatives

• Nucleophilic substitution to form alcohol from halogenoalkane:

  • NaOH/KOH(aq), heat
• Nucleophilic substitution to form nitriles from halogenoalkanes:

  • KCN/NaCN, ethanol, heat
• Nucleophilic substitution to form amines from halogenoalkanes:

  • Excess NH3 in ethanol, heat in sealed tube
• Nucleophilic substitution to form halogenoalkane from alcohol:

  • HX (g), rtp
  • Anhydrous PX3, heat
• Nucleophilic substitution to form alkyl chloride from alcohol:

  • Anhydrous PCl5, rtp
  • Anhydrous SOCl2, heat
• Side products when using anhydrous PX3 and heat to form halogenoalkane from alcohol:

  • H3PO3
• Side products when using anhydrous PCl5 at rtp to form alkyl from alcohol:

  • POCl2, HCl (g)
• Side products when using anhydrous SOCl2 and heat to form alkyl chloride from alcohol

  • SO2 (g), HCl (g)