Antivirals

• Antiviral agents

  • Anti-herpes virus antiviral agents
  • Anti-influenza virus antiviral agents
  • Generally acting antiviral agents
  • Antiretroviral drugs
• Antiviral agents

  • Anti-herpes virus antiviral agents
  • Anti-influenza virus antiviral agents
  • Generally acting antiviral agents
  • Antiretroviral drugs
• Obligate intracellular organisms

  Organisms that can only replicate inside a host cell
• Obligate intracellular organisms

  Organisms that can only replicate inside a host cell
• Virus structure

  • Core genome [DNA/RNA] in protein shell-capsid
  • Some surrounded by lipoprotein
  • May contain antigenic glycoproteins
  • Lack of cell wall/cell membrane
• Capsid

  • Contains the virus genetic material (DNA or RNA)
• Surface proteins

  • Help the virus recognise and bind to cells in the host organism
• Virus structure

  • Core genome [DNA/RNA] in protein shell-capsid
  • Some surrounded by lipoprotein
  • May contain antigenic glycoproteins
  • Lack of cell wall/cell membrane
• Viral envelope

  • Made from fatty lipid molecules taken from cells in the host
• Capsid

  Contains the virus genetic material (DNA or RNA)
• Viral genetic material

  Contains the instructions for making new copies of the virus
• Surface proteins

  Help the virus recognise and bind to cells in the host organism
• Viral replication cycle

  1. Viral attachment/endocytosis

  2. Uncoating

  3. Genome replication

  4. Translation

  5. Assembly

  6. Release
• Viral envelope

  Made from fatty lipid molecules taken from cells in the host
• Virus genetic material

  Contains the instructions for making new copies of the virus
• Viral attachment/endocytosis

  1. Fusion with host cell

  2. Crossing host cell membrane
• Viral replication cycle

  1. Viral attachment/endocytosis

  2. Uncoating

  3. Genome replication

  4. Translation

  5. Assembly

  6. Release
• Release

  1. Egress/budding

  2. Cell lysis
• Viral attachment/endocytosis

  1. Fusion with host cell

  2. Crossing host cell membrane
• Fusion inhibitors

  • Enfuvirtide (T-20)
• Uncoating


  Loss of capsid
• Ion channel blockers

  • Amantadine
  • Rimantadine
• Genome replication

  Transfer of viral DNA to host nucleus
• Polymerase inhibitors

  • Acyclovir
  • Zidovudine
  • Elavirenz
• Translation

  Viral mRNA synthesis
• Assembly

  Synthesized viral proteins assemble with viral genome
• Protease inhibitors

  • Saquinavir
  • Ritonavir
• Neuraminidase inhibitors

  • Zanamivir
  • Oseltamivir
• Release

  1. Egress/budding

  2. Cell lysis
• Fusion inhibitors

  • Enfuvirtide (T-20)
• Ion channel blockers

  • Amantadine
  • Rimantadine
• Antiviral agents for herpes virus infections

  • Acyclovir
  • Famciclovir
  • Valacyclovir
  • Ganciclovir
  • Vidarabine
  • Trifluridine
• Polymerase inhibitors

  • Acyclovir
  • Zidovudine
  • Elavirenz
• Acyclovir

  Acyclic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine
• Protease inhibitors

  • Saquinavir
  • Ritonavir
• Acyclovir triphosphate

  Active antimetabolite
• Neuraminidase inhibitors

  • Zanamivir
  • Oseltamivir
• Antiviral agents for herpes virus infections

  • Acyclovir
  • Famciclovir
  • Valacyclovir
  • Ganciclovir
  • Vidarabine
  • Trifluridine
• Acyclovir mechanism of action

  • Inhibits viral DNA synthesis
  • Acts as chain terminator
  • Competes for endogenous dGTP
  • Inactivates viral DNA polymerase
• Acyclovir

  Acyclic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine