BI1AP12 - Human anatomy and physiology

• Anatomy of the CNS

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
• Physiology of the nervous system

  • Nerve conduction: Electrical and chemical
• Anatomy of the PNS

  • Spinal nerves
  • Cranial nerves
  • Autonomic nerves
• Physiology of the PNS

  • Sensory function
  • Motor function
  • ANS function
• What do we need to survive?

  • Communication
  • Intake and elimination
  • Protection and survival
• Communication

  The receiving, collating and response to information.
• Internal Communication

  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
• External Communication

  • Special senses
  • Verbal communication
  • Non-verbal communication
• Special senses

  • Sight
  • Hearing
  • Balance
  • Smell
  • Taste
• Nervous system

  Rapid system
• Endocrine system


  Slower more precise system
• Functions of the nervous system

  • Sensory perception
  • Cognitive functions
  • Motor functions
  • Regulatory functions
• Regulatory functions

  Emotions<|>Appetite<|>Heart rate<|>Breathing<|>Temperature
• The nervous system detects and responds to changes inside and outside the body, to maintain homeostasis.
• Central nervous system consists of

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system consists of

  • Spinal nerves
  • Cranial nerves
  • Autonomic nerves
• Functions of the central nervous system

  • Receives input
  • Integrates stimuli
  • Triggers a response to stimuli
• Functions of the peripheral nervous system

  • Transmits the input (sensory)
  • Transmits the response (motor)
• Somatic sensation

  • Touch
  • Temperature
  • Pain
• Autonomic sensation

  • Chemoreceptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Osmoreceptors
• Special senses

  • Sight
  • Hearing
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Balance
• Somatic response

  • Voluntary – skeletal muscle
  • Involuntary – smooth/cardiac muscle, glands
• The CNS is protected from damage by bones, skull, vertebrae, and meninges.
• Regions of the brain

  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brain stem
  • Cerebellum
• Functional regions of the brain

  • Cerebrum
  • Limbic system
  • Central core
• Central core consists of

  • Brain stem
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebellum
• Functions of the limbic system

  • Regulates emotion
  • Regulates memory
• Functions of the cerebrum

  • Cognition
  • Motor control
  • Olfactory inputs
• Parts of the cerebrum

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
• Cerebral cortex

  • Outermost layer of grey matter
  • Inner layer of white matter
• Functions of the cerebral cortex

  • Thinking
  • Memory
  • Learning
• Motor cortex

  • Voluntary movement
• Somatosensory cortex

  • General sensory perception
  • Taste area
• Auditory area

  • Olfactory area
• Visual area

  • Higher order functions
• Motor nerve pathways

  • Upper motor neurone
  • Lower motor neurone
• Sensory nerve pathway

  • Primary sensory neurone
  • Secondary sensory neurone
  • Tertiary sensory neurone
• Components of the spinal reflex arc

  • Involuntary
  • Protective
  • Doesn’t involve higher centres
• Types of spinal reflexes

  • Mono-synaptic reflexes
  • Polysynaptic reflexes
• Types of neuroglia

  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Microglia