Animal and Plant Tissues

• Tissue

  A group of cells with similar structure and function
• Types of tissues

  • 4 types (animals)
  • 3 types (plants)
• Changes in tissues

  Result in development, growth, trauma, or disease
• Epithelial Tissue


  • Lines the body surface (internal and external)
  • Covers the internal and external surface of the body
  • Can be classified according to the number of cellular layers present
  • Can be classified according to its cellular shape
  • Has two distinct surfaces: the basal and free surface
  • Forms the glands of the body
• Connective Tissue


  • Found throughout the body and is responsible for connecting the tissues
  • Composed of large amounts of extracellular materials (matrix)
  • Usually formed by different protein fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic)
  • Can be classified into three: connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue
• Muscle Tissue


  • Enables body movement and contractions
• Nervous Tissue


  • Responsible for cell to cell communication and response to stimulus
• Squamous Epithelium


  • Composed of flat shaped cells
  • Connected closely via gap junctions
  • Specialized for diffusion, secretions, and protection
  • Usually found on blood vessels, alveoli, and capillaries
• Cuboidal Epithelium


  • Usually arranged in a circular manner
  • Specialized for secretions and absorption
  • Usually found in kidney tubules, ducts, and the secretory layer of glands
• Columnar Epithelium


  • Composed of cube shaped cells with a large, spherical nuclei
  • Composed of tall shaped cells with oval nuclei
• Columnar Epithelium


  • May contain mucus-secreting cells and cilia
  • Specialized for absorption and secretions of mucus and enzyme
  • Usually found in the lining of the digestive system
• Epithelial Tissues According to Layers

  • Simple Epithelium
  • Stratified Epithelium
  • Pseudostratified Epithelium
  • Transitional Epithelium
• Pseudostratified Epithelium


  • Composed of a single layer of cells with varying height
  • The nucleus of individual cells are found in different levels
  • May contain mucus secreting cells and cilia
  • Specialized for the secretion of mucus
  • Usually found in the lining of the upper respiratory tract
• Transitional Epithelium


  Composed of multiple layers of cells
• Transitional Epithelium


  • The cellular shape will be dependent on the presence of fluids in the system
  • Specialized for the protection of the underlying cells
  • Usually found in the lining of the urinary bladder, ureter, and superior urethra
• Classification of Connective Tissue

  • Connective Tissue Proper
  • Supporting Connective Tissue
  • Fluid Connective Tissue
• Types of Connective Tissue Proper

  • Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar, Adipose, Reticular)
  • Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Regular, Dense Irregular)
• Types of Supporting Connective Tissue

  • Cartilage (Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage)
  • Bone (Spongy and Compact bone)
• Types of Fluid Connective Tissue

  • Blood
  • Hemopoietic Tissue (Red and Yellow Marrow)
• Bone Tissue


  • Composed of a hard and bony matrix
  • Cellular components are termed as osteo connected to a suffix which is related to its function (-cyte, -blast, or –clast)
  • The matrix is usually mineralized
  • The mineralization of the matrix is the basis for its strength and rigidity
  • Located in all of the bones of the body
• Blood Tissue


  • Composed of a liquid matrix
  • Can be classified into three cellular components: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
  • Responsible for transportation and protection
  • Located inside the blood vessels
• Erythrocyte


  Usually appears as a biconcave disc under the microscope
• Erythrocyte


  • The cells are anucleated and lacks cell organelles
  • Contains the protein hemoglobin
  • Needed for the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other nutrients needed by the cells
• Leukocyte


  May be classified as the granulocytes and the agranulocytes
• Leukocyte


  • Can be classified into five different cells
  • Unlike the erythrocytes, it contains a nucleus which is very evident under the microscope
  • Responsible for protecting the body from invasions and infections
• Thrombocyte


  The smallest blood cell present in the body
• Thrombocyte


  • Similar to the erythrocytes, they are also anucleated
  • Usually last about 7-10 days inside the body of the organism
  • Required in the response and repair to injured tissues and is mainly responsible for the clotting of the blood
• Muscle Tissue


  • Has the ability to contract or shorten
  • Enables the movement of the body
  • The length of the cells present is usually greater than its diameter
  • Also called as fibers as it resembles tiny threads
  • Can be classified according to its movement: voluntary or involuntary
• Types of Muscle Tissue

  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle
• Skeletal Muscle


  • Exhibits a voluntary movement
  • Cells present are usually long and cylindrical with multiple nuclei located at the edges of the cell
  • Has the presence of striations due to the arrangement of the different muscle proteins
  • Usually found attached to the bones of the body which enables body movement
• Cardiac Muscle


  • Exhibits an involuntary movement and also exhibits striations
  • Each individual cell is mononucleated, branching, and connected to one another via the intercalated discs
  • It is primarily needed for pumping of blood from the heart to the other parts of the body
  • Found in the heart
• Smooth Muscle


  • Exhibits an involuntary movement and lacks striations
  • Individual cells are mononucleated and are small with tapering ends
  • It is primarily responsible for the regulation of the size of organs
  • Usually found in hollow internal organs (the digestive system)
• Nervous Tissue


  • Composed of two cells: the nerve cell and the glial cells
  • The nerve cells do not undergo cell division
  • Allows the organism to preserve memories
  • Coordinates and controls different body activities
  • Found in the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves
• Dermal Tissue


  • Lines the body surface
• Ground Tissue


  • Provides a compact and firm structure and enables basic metabolic functions
• Vascular Tissue


  • Responsible for the transportation of materials (water and sugars)
• Parenchyma


  • The fundamental cell found in both the dermal and ground tissue
  • These are living cells which have a thin primary cell wall
  • May contain chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis (chlorenchyma)
  • Mainly concerned in the vegetative activities of the plant body
  • Usually found in the stem, leaves, and roots
• Collenchyma


  • Living cells which have a much thicker cell wall than the parenchyma
  • Cells are usually elongated
  • Primarily concerned in providing mechanical support for the growing plant
  • Can be found directly below the dermal tissue of leaves and stems
• Sclerenchyma


  • Dead cells during its maturity
  • Cell walls are highly thick and usually have a secondary cell wall
  • Cell walls are strengthened by lignin
  • Mainly responsible for providing a strong mechanical support, rigidity, and flexibility for the plant body
  • Usually found around the vascular bundles of stems and roots