MICRPARA: Microorganisms And Parasitic Helminths

• The study of the numerous  interrelationships between microorganisms and the world around them.

  Microbial Ecology
• Study of how microbes interact with other microbes.

  Microbial Ecology
• Study of how microbes interact with organisms other than microbes.

  Microbial Ecology
• Study of how microbes interact with the nonliving world around them.

  Microbial Ecology
• Living organism that harbors another living organism.

  Host
• The living together or close association of two dissimilar organisms.

  Symbiosis
• A symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiont is affected by the relationship.

  Neutralism
• Two species interact but neither affects the others.

  Neutralism
• A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and of no consequence to the other.

  Commensalism
• One species benefits but other is not affected.

  Commensalism
• A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts.

  Mutualism
• A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont (the parasite) and detrimental to the other symbiont (the host).

  Parasitism
• Referred as normal flora or microflora. It includes all microbes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) that reside on and within that person.


  Indigenous Microbiota
• Constantly exposed to microorganisms.

  Body
• Has no indigenous microflora.

  Fetus
• Preventing most bacteria and some viruses from passing from mother to baby.

  Placenta
• also known as opportunistic pathogens (OPs), are microorganisms that can cause disease in hosts with weakened immune systems, but not in healthy hosts.


  Oppurtunistic Infection
• Most frequent organisms associated with superinfection:

  • Staphylococcus Aureus
  • Streptococcus Pyogenes 
• A second infection superimposed on an earlier infection, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection.

  Superinfection
• The resident microflora of the skin consists primarily of:

  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
• Factors affecting the number and variety of microorganisms presents in skin:

  • Anatomical Location
  • Amount Of Moisture Present
  • Ph
  • Temperature
  • Salinity
  • Presence Of Chemical Wastes Such As Urea And Fatty Acids
  • Presence Of Other Microbes, Which May Be Producing Toxic Substances
•  Moist, & warm conditions. where there are many sweat and oil glands stimulate the growth of many different microorganisms.
• The surface of the skin near mucosal openings of the body is inhabited by bactería present in various excretions and secretions.
• Frequent washing with soap and water removes most of the potentially harmful transient microorganisms
• Anatomical Location: Skin

  Type of Pathogen: Bacteria

  Pathogens:

  • Staphylococcus
  • Corynebacterium
  • Propionibacterum Spp.
• Staphylococcus, corynebacterium, and propionibacterium in Skin are usually Anaerobes Bacteria.
• presence of the enzyme lysozyme and other antimicrobial substances greatly reduce the numbers of indigenous microflora organisms found on the eye surfaces.

  Tears
• Anatomical Location: Eyes

  Type of Pathogen: Bacteria

  Pathogens:

  • Staphylococcus Epidermidis
  • Propionibacterium
• The middle and inner ears are generally considered a sterile environment.
• The Outer Ear and Auditory Canal have a Normal Flora.
• Anatomical Location: Ears

  Type of Pathogen: Bacteria

  Pathogens:

  • Staphylococcus Aureus
  • Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
  • Corynebacterium Species
• in Healthy Nose & Throat, many microorganisms are harmless, but have opportunistic microorganism.
• Lower Respiratory Tract is usually sterile because the mucous membranes and lungs have defense mechanisms
• In respiratory tract, Nasal passages, trachea, and bronchi are usually the location of normal flora.
• Anatomical Location: Repiratory System

  Type of Pathogen: Bacteria

  Pathogens:

  • Streptococcus
  • Haemophilus
• Anaerobic microorganisms flourish in:

  • Gum Margins
  • Crevices between the teeth
  • deep folds (crypts) on the surface of the tonsils.
• In dental hygiene, neglection of hygiene allows the growth of bacteria, with development of:

  • Dental Caries. Tooth Decay
  • Gingivitis. Gum's Disease
  • Severe Periodontal Diseases.
• Anatomical Location: Oral

  Type of Pathogen: Bacteria

  Pathogens:

  • Streptococcus
  • Lactobacillus
• Various Species of Alpha-hemolytic Streptococci are the most common organisms in the indigenous microflora of the mouth.
• The mouth is home to many types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.