9. Genitourinary Diseases - Cox

• Nephrocalcinosis - parenchymal deposition of calcium salts (Ca oxalate)
• Nephrocalcinosis leads to renal stones
• Medullary nephrocalcinosis is due to high ion content

  • hypercalcemia or hypercalciuric states
• Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) due to decrease intramural tunnel length

  • leading to impair valve function --> permits retrograde flow during increase bladder pressure during peeing
• Ureteritis - ureter inflammation

  • associated with cystitis or pyelonephritis - ascending infection
• Ureteritis cause by gonococcal or nongonococcal
• Ureteritis cystica

  • DM with recurrent UTI
  • results from chronic UTI due to stones or infection
• Vesical diverticulum

  • bladder wall outpouching - all bladder wall layers herniate through the wall
• Vesical diverticulum

  • cause ureter obstruction --> BOO
• Hemorrhagic cystitis - result from damage transitional epithelium or blood vessels
• interstitial cystitis - persistent painful chronic cystitis associated with inflammation or fibrosis

  • associated with Hunner lesion
  • non-hunner - extrabladder pain - fibromyalgia
  • hunner - severe bladder syndrome
• Cystitis cystica

  • common chronic irritation of bladder mucosa
  • irritation will cause urothelium to proliferate into bud
  • bud will form von brunn nests - cystic deposits