GENERAL BIOLOGY

• All living organism are made up of cells
• Cells are the basic functional unit of life
• Cells come from pre-existing cells
• Matthias Scheliden- a scientist who said that cells come from "free cell formation"
• Rudolf Virchow- who told that Matthias Scheliden was wrong,
• Robert Remack- Jewish Scientist, cells come from other cells borrowed
• Zacharias Jansen- found the first compund microscope
• Anton Van Leeuwenheok- made his own version of the compound microscope
• Anton Van Leeuwenheok- Discovered bacteria (a protozoa) by looking through dental scrapings in the mouth
• Theodore Schwann- Discovered that all animals were made of cells
• Robert Hooke- Described cells in cork
• Basic Features of cell:

  • Genetic material
  • plasma membrane
  • cytosol (a semifluid substance)
  • ribosomes (make proteins)
• Genetic material- stores the genetic code of the oragnism
• “Dna can be found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes”
• Prokaryotes- nucleoid region

  eukaryotes- nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast
• Plasma membrane- a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste

  • selectively permeable
  • gives strength and protection to the cell
  • regulates the entry and exit of materials
• cytoplasm- the area between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

  • it has cytosol composed of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
• ribosomes- can be found floating within the cytoplasm

  • containing RnA and protein
• Protein factory of the cell- the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
• Organelle- membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions

  • suspended in the eukaryotic cells
• Cell organelles

  • nucleus
  • endoplasmic reticulum (smooth er & rough er)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplast
  • Peroxisomes
• nucleus- the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth
• Chromatin- complex of dna and protein
• Chromatin- structures that carry genetic information
• "within the nucleus, we can also find the nucleolus"
• Nucleolus- site where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
• nuclear envelope- a double membrane of lipids
• nuclear pore- a protein lined channel in the nuclear envelope

  • regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
• nucleoplasm- the central area in the cell contains the genetic material
• "nucleus controls and regulates the functions other organelles"

  • known as the "control center of the cell"
• endoplasmic reticulum- a series of membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and cytoplasm
• rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)- no ribosome on its surface, involved in lipid metabolism
• smooth er

  • rich in enzymes
  • metabolic process
  • Synthesizes lipids
  • Metabolizes Carbohydrates
  • Detoxifies drugs and poisons
  • Stores Calcium ions
• rough er

  • abundant in cells that secrete poisons
  • membrane factory of cell, secrete glycoproteins
  • distributes transport vesicles
• cisternae- a series of sacs that appear to be flattered and curved
• cis face- "receiving"

  trans face- "shipping"
• Golgi Apparatus- center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting
• lysosomes- are drop-like sacs full of enzymes used by the cell digestion

  • contain hydrolyctic enzymes
• autophagy- uses enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules