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    Cards (46)

    • Ground Tissue
      • Parenchyma
      • Collenchyma
      • Sclerenchyma
    • Ground Tissue
      Makes up the majority of the herbaceous plant
    • Parenchyma
      • Most abundant
      • Alive at maturity
      • Thin primary cell walls
      • Ability to divide
      • Response to injury or changing environment
    • Functions of Parenchyma
      Photosynthesis<|>Respiration<|>Gas exchange<|>Storage of starch and other materials
    • Collenchyma
      • Elongated living cells
      • Unevenly thickened primary cell walls
    • Function of Collenchyma
      Elastic support
    • Sclerenchyma
      • Inelastic support to non-growing plant parts
      • Dead at maturity
      • Thick, rigid secondary cell walls
    • Lignin
      Tough, complex molecule that adds strength to cell walls
    • Vascular Tissue Cells
      • Xylem
      • Phloem
    • Vascular Tissues
      Transport water, minerals, carbohydrates, and other dissolved compounds throughout the plants
    • Xylem
      Transport water and minerals
    • Phloem
      Transport organic compounds, food, carbohydrates
    • Tracheids
      • Long, narrow cells that overlap at their tapered ends
      • Water moves from tracheid to tracheid through pits
    • Pits
      Thin areas of the cell wall
    • Vessel Elements
      • Short, wide, barrel-shaped
      • Stack end-to-end, forming long, continuous tubes
      • Side walls have pits
      • End walls perforated or absent
    • Water movement is faster than tracheids
    • Sieve Tube Elements
      • Main conducting cells of Phloem
      • Align end-to-end to form sieve tube
      • Alive but no nucleus and little cytoplasm
    • Companion Cell
      Adjacent to sieve tube element<|>Specialized parenchyma cell<|>Transfer carbohydrates into and out of the sieve tube elements<|>Provide energy and proteins to the conducting cell
    • Determinate growth
      Plants that stop growing after they reach their mature size
    • Determinate growth
      • Bush types
      • Rose bush
    • Indeterminate growth
      Plants that continue to grow as long as environmental conditions allow it
    • Indeterminate growth
      • Majority of tomato varieties
      • Vines
    • Meristems
      Regions that undergo active mitotic cell division
    • Meristems
      Patches of “Immorality” that allow a plant to grow
    • Types of meristems
      • Apical
      • Lateral
    • Apical meristem
      • Small patches of actively dividing cells near the tip of roots and shoots
    • Lateral meristem
      • Produces cells that thicken a stem or root
    • Shoot apical meristem
      Primary growth that lengthens the shoot or root tip by adding cells
    • New cells originate at the apical meristems
    • Daughter cells
      • Give rise to ground tissue
      • Epidermis
      • Vascular tissue
    • Stem elongates as the vacuoles of the new cells absorb water, pushing the apical meristem upward
    • New leaves originate on the flanks of the meristem
    • Remnants remain in the axillary buds that form at stem nodes
    • Buds may either remain dormant or “awaken” to form side branches
    • When a shoot loses its terminal bud

      Cells in one or more dormant axillary buds begin to divide
    • Shoot and root apical meristem
      Helps grow vertically
    • Root apical meristem
      Some of the cells produced at this meristem differentiate into the root cap
    • Root apical meristem
      Other cells elongate by absorbing
    • Cell enlargement leads to root growth farther in the soil
    • Zone of maturation
      Cells complete their differentiation and mature into the functional ground, dermal and vascular tissues
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