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    • GCSE (9-1) Biology Specification
    • First teaching from September 2016
    • First certification from 2018
    • This is Issue 4 of the specification
    • Topics common to Paper 1 and Paper 2
      • Key concepts in biology
    • Sub-cellular structures
      Structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells related to their functions
    • Animal cell structures
      • Nucleus
      • Cell membrane
      • Mitochondria
      • Ribosomes
    • Plant cell structures
      • Nucleus
      • Cell membrane
      • Cell wall
      • Chloroplasts
      • Mitochondria
      • Vacuole
      • Ribosomes
    • Bacterial cell structures
      • Chromosomal DNA
      • Plasmid DNA
      • Cell membrane
      • Ribosomes
      • Flagella
    • Specialised cells
      Cells adapted to their function
    • Sperm cell adaptations
      • Acrosome
      • Haploid nucleus
      • Mitochondria
      • Tail
    • Egg cell adaptations
      • Nutrients in the cytoplasm
      • Haploid nucleus
      • Changes in the cell membrane after fertilisation
    • Ciliated epithelial cells are specialised cells
    • Microscope technology
      Changes have enabled us to see cell structures and organelles with more clarity and detail
    • Enzyme action
      Mechanism includes active site and enzyme specificity
    • Denaturation of enzymes
      Caused by changes in the shape of the active site
    • Quantitative units in relation to cells
      • Milli (10−3)
      • Micro (10−6)
      • Nano (10−9)
      • Pico (10−12)
    • Calculations with numbers written in standard form are included
    • Suggested practicals
      • Investigate the effect of different concentrations of digestive enzymes
      • Investigate the effect of temperatures and concentration on enzyme activity
      • Investigate plant and animal cells with a light microscope
      • Investigate the effect of concentration on rate of diffusion
    • Topics for Paper 1
      • Cells and control
      • Genetics
      • Natural selection and genetic modification
    • Mitosis
      Part of the cell cycle including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
    • Importance of mitosis
      Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
    • Cell division by mitosis
      Production of two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes
    • Cancer
      Result of changes in cells leading to uncontrolled cell division
    • Growth in organisms
      • Cell division and differentiation in animals
      • Cell division, elongation, and differentiation in plants
    • Cell differentiation
      Importance in the development of specialised cells
    • Embryonic stem cells
      Function in animals and meristems in plants
    • Brain structures
      Cerebellum<|>Cerebral hemispheres<|>Medulla oblongata
    • CT scanning and PET scanning
      Used to investigate brain function
    • Reflex arc
      Includes sensory, relay, and motor neurones
    • Eye structure
      Includes cornea, lens, iris, rod and cone cells in the retina
    • Defects of the eye
      • Cataracts
      • Long-sightedness
      • Short-sightedness
      • Colour blindness
    • Asexual reproduction
      Advantages include lack of need to find a mate and rapid reproductive cycle; disadvantage is no variation
    • Sexual reproduction
      Advantages include variation; disadvantage is the requirement to find a mate
    • Meiotic cell division
      Production of four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
    • DNA
      A polymer made up of two strands coiled to form a double helix
    • Genome
      The entire DNA of an organism
    • Gene
      A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific protein
    • Protein synthesis
      Includes transcription and translation
    • Gregor Mendel
      Discovered the basis of genetics
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