SIR ED

• Cell


  Smallest living unit/Basic unit of life
• Functions of cells


  • Protection and support
  • Movement
  • Communication
  • Cell metabolism and energy release
  • Inheritance
• Characteristics of all cells

  • A surrounding membrane (Plasma Membrane)
  • Protoplasm/cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
  • Organelles – structures for cell function
  • Control center with DNA
• Plasma Membrane


  Contains cell contents<|>Double layer of phospholipids & proteins<|>Semi-permeable<|>Fluid mosaic model
• Cell Walls


  • Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
  • Surrounds plasma membrane
• Cell Wall Differences


  • Plants – mostly cellulose
  • Fungi – contain chitin
  • Bacteria - Peptidoglycans
• Cytoskeleton


  • Filaments & fibers
  • Made of 3 fiber types
• Types of Cytoskeleton fibers

  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microfilaments
• Functions of Cytoskeleton


  • Mechanical support
  • Anchor organelles
  • Help move substances
• Cilia


  Provide motility
• Flagella


  Whip-like extensions found on sperm cells
• Cilia & Flagella Structure

  • Bundles of microtubules
  • With plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm


  Viscous fluid containing organelles
• Components of cytoplasm


  • Interconnected filaments & fibers
  • Fluid (cytosol)
  • Organelles (not nucleus)
  • Storage substances
• Organelles


  Cellular machinery
• Types of Organelles


  • Derived from membranes
  • Bacteria-like organelles
• Centrioles and Centrosomes


  • Pairs of micro tubular structures
  • Play a role in cell division
• Membranous Organelles


  • Functional components within cytoplasm
  • Bound by membranes
• Nucleus


  Control center of cell<|>Double membrane<|>Contains chromosomes and nucleolus
• Nuclear Envelope


  • Separates nucleus from rest of cell
  • Double membrane
  • Has pores
• DNA


  Hereditary material<|>Chromosomes<|>Proteins<|>Form for cell division (chromatin)
• Nucleolus


  Directs synthesis of RNA<|>Forms ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum


  • Helps move substances within cells
  • Network of interconnected membranes
• Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum


  • Ribosomes attached to surface
  • Manufacture proteins
  • May modify proteins from ribosomes
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


  • No attached ribosomes
  • Has enzymes that help build molecules (carbohydrates, lipids)
• Golgi Apparatus


  • Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
  • Packaging & shipping station of cell
• Golgi Apparatus Function


  1. Molecules come in vesicles

  2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane

  3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

  4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle

  5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus

  6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
• Lysosomes


  Contain digestive enzymes<|>Aid in cell renewal<|>Break down old cell parts<|>Digest invaders
• Vacuoles


  Membrane bound storage sacs<|>More common in plants than animals<|>Contents include water, food, wastes
• Bacteria-Like Organelles


  Release & store energy
• Types of Bacteria-Like Organelles

  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria


  • Have their own DNA
  • Bound by double membrane
  • Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
• Mitochondria fuel molecules


  • Glucose
  • Fatty acids
• Chloroplasts


  Derived from photosynthetic bacteria<|>Solar energy capturing organelle
• Review of Eukaryotic Cells