APPENDICULAR SKELETON

• Appendicular skeleton


  Includes 60 percent of bones in the body and allows us to move and manipulate objects
• Components of the appendicular skeleton

  • Bones of limbs
  • Supporting bone girdles
• Pectoral girdle


  • Connects each arm to the body
  • Movements position the shoulder joint
  • Provides a basis for arm movement
• Components of the pectoral girdle


  • One clavicle
  • One scapula
• Clavicles


  1. shaped bones that originate at the manubrium and articulate with the scapulae
• Scapulae


  Broad, flat triangles that articulate with humerus and clavicle
• Skeleton of upper limbs


  Consists of bones of the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
• Humerus


  The only bone in the arm (brachium) that extends from scapula to elbow
• Forearm bones


  • Ulna
  • Radius
• Interosseous membrane


  Fibrous sheet that connects lateral margin of ulna to radius
• Bones of wrist and hand

  • Eight carpal bones
  • Five metacarpals
  • Phalanges
• Types of carpal bones

  • Four proximal carpal bones
  • Four distal carpal bones
• Metacarpals


  The five long bones of the hand, numbered I–V from lateral to medial
• Phalanges


  • Pollex (thumb)
  • Other four fingers
• Pollex


  Has two phalanges (proximal, distal)
• Other four fingers


  Each has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
• Pelvic girdle


  Consists of two hip bones, attaches to lower limbs, strong to bear body weight and provide mobility
• Components of each hip bone

  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
• Pelvis components


  • Two hip bones
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
• Female pelvis


  • Broader, smoother, and lighter
  • Less-prominent markings
  • Shallower iliac fossa
  • Wider pelvic outlet
  • Triangular obturator foramen
• Lower limbs


  Functions include weight bearing and movement
• Bones of the lower limbs

  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsal bones
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
• Femur


  Longest, heaviest bone in body that articulates with hip bone at acetabulum
• Patella


  Large sesamoid bone that forms within tendon of quadriceps femoris
• Tibia


  Large, medial, weight-bearing bone of leg
• Fibula


  Small, lateral bone of leg that attaches muscles of feet and toes
• Ankle (tarsus) components


  • Seven tarsal bones
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Cuboid
  • Navicular
  • Medial cuneiform
  • Intermediate cuneiform
  • Lateral cuneiform
• Talus


  Transfers weight from tibia across trochlea
• Calcaneus


  Largest tarsal bone that transfers weight from talus to ground
• Metatarsals


  Five long bones of foot, numbered I–V, medial to lateral
• Phalanges (toes)


  14 bones of the toes, with hallux (great toe) having two phalanges and each of the other four toes having three phalanges