Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes and developed into larger more complex organisms.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
A) PLASMA MEMBRANE
B) CYTOPLASM
C) ORGANELLES
D) NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
E) NUCLEUS
THE CELL WALL
A) PLASMODESMATA
B) PLASMA MEMBRANE
C) CELL WALL
CELL WALL
Provides support
Double layered
Made from cellulose
CELL WALL
Cellulose cell walls help distinguish plants from other organisms
The main component of a cell wall is cellulose arranged in microfibers
The cellulose framework is interpenetrated by a cross-linked matrix of non-cellulose molecules - primarily hemicelluloses and pectin
Cell walls are layered - there is a primary cell wall, a middle lamella between two cells and sometimes a secondary cell wall
CELL WALLS
The primary cell wall is deposited before and during growth of the cell
Actively dividing cells typically only have primary cell walls
Secondary cell walls are usually formed after the cell has stopped growing and the primary cell wall is no longer increasing in surface area
The secondary cell wall forms between the primary cell wall and the protoplast
CELL WALL
A) MIDDLE LAMELLA
B) SECONDARY WALL
C) PRIMARY WALL
D) PRIMARY WALL
E) SECONDARY WALL
F) MIDDLE LAMELLA
PLASMODESMATA
Plasmodesmata allow the transport of substances from one cell to the next
They are cytoplasmic threads which connect the living protoplasts of adjoining cells
CELL MEMBRANE
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Found in ALL cells
Phospholipid bilayer with transportproteins, and cholesterol (for flexibility)
PLASMA MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane has several functions
It mediates the transport of substances into and out of the protoplasm
It coordinates the synthesis and assembly of cellulose
microfibrils
It relays hormonal and environmental signals involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation
CELL ORGANELLES
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuole
Organelles with DNA (mitochondria and chloroplasts)
Cytoskeleton
NUCLEUS
A) Nucleolus
B) NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
C) NUCLEAR PORES
D) NUCLEOPLASM
E) INNER MEMBRANE
F) OUTER MEMBRANE
G) NUCLEAR PORES
PARTS OF THE NUCLEUS
A) NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
B) ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
C) RIBOSOMES
D) OUTER NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
E) INNER NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
F) CHROMATIN
G) NUCLEOLUS
H) NUCLEAR PORES
NUCLEUS
Stores genetic material
Contains DNA
Nucleolus: site where RNA is made
Chromatin and ribosomal subunits present
Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane with pores
Largest Organelle
BRAIN of the cell - controls protein synthesis
NUCLEUS
The nucleus is usually the most prominent structure in the protoplast of eukaryote cells
It controls the ongoing activities of the cell by determining which protein molecules are produced by the cell and when they are produced
It stores genetic information, passing it onto daughter cells during cell division
RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes(80s) are RNA-protein complexes composed of two subunits (50s & 30s) that join and attach to messenger RNA.
site of protein synthesis
assembled in nucleolus
RIBOSOMES
They can be found alone in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Alone in cytoplasm- makes proteins for use within the cell
Attached to RER(rough endoplasmic reticulum)- makes proteins for export out of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transports materials through the cell
2 types:- (i) Rough ER (ii) Smooth ER
Rough ER - studded with ribosomes
Attached to nuclear membrane
site of protein synthesis and processing
Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes
site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A) RIBOSOMES
B) ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
C) SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
GOLGI APPARATUS
Collection of Golgi bodies
Stacked flattened sacks
Site where cell products are packaged for export
Proteins are modified by being combined with fats or carbohydrates
Vesicles then pinch off from the Golgi body to be secreted (outside the cell)
Involved in the production of lysosomes
LYSOSOMES
Vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion of food particles, disease causing bacteria and worn out cell parts
They are known as the "suicidal bags of the cell"
A) SINGLE WALL MEMBRANE
B) ENZYME COMPLEXES
LYSOSOME STRUCTURE
A) FUSION FORM SECONDARY LYSOSOME
B) PRIMARY LYSOSOME
C) GOLGI APPARATUS
VACUOLES
Found in PLANT and ANIMAL cells
The vacuole acts a container, storing water and dissolved particles
Plants have a large central vacuole for water storage
Unicellular animals can use contractile vacuoles for movement
VACUOLES
Vacuoles are membrane bound organelles filled with cell sap
The membrane is referred to
as the tonoplast
Different kinds of vacuoles may have different function within the same cell Along with water based cel sap, vacuoles typically contain salts, sugars and some dissolved proteins
Along with water based cel sap, vacuoles typically contain salts, sugars and some dissolved proteins
A) CENTRAL VACUOLE
B) CYTOSOL
C) TONOPLAST
D) CENTRAL VACUOLE
E) CELL WALL
ORGANELLES WITH DNA
Mitochondria - site of cellrespiration
Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis
MITOCHONDRIA
"Powerhouse of the cell" - cellularmetabolism
Structure- outer and inner membranes, cristae
Found in both plant and animal cells
Very active cells have more mitochondria
A) OUTER MEMBRANE
B) INNER MEMBRANE
C) CRISTAE
D) MATRIX
MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria are another organelle bounded by two membranes
The inner membrane is folded into many pleats called cristae
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration
converting organic molecules to ATP the main immediate energy source for living eukaryote cells
plant cells may have hundreds to thousands of mitochondria
A) INNER MEMBRANE
B) OUTER MEMBRANE
C) CRISTAE
D) MATRIX
PLASTIDS
Plastids are a characteristic component of plant cells
Plastids are classified and named based on the kinds of pigments they contain
Each plastid is surrounded by two membranes and internally the plastid has a system of membranes which form flattened sacs called thylakoids and a ground (fluid) substance called stroma
3 types: chloroplasts, chromoplasts & leucoplasts
A) THYLAKOID
B) STROMA
C) INNER MEMBRANE
D) OUTER MEMBRANE
E) LAMELLA
F) INTER MEMBRANE SPACE
CHLOROPLASTS
are larger and more complex than mitochondria
contains green pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight in the first step of photosynthesis
Found in ONLY in PLANTS
CHROMOPLASTS
Chromoplasts lack chlorophyll but synthesize and retain carotenoid pigments which are responsible for the yellow, orange or red colors of many flowers, old leaves, some fruits and some roots
colored plastids
LEUCOPLASTS
Leucoplasts are non-pigmented plastids some of which synthesize starch while others produce oils or proteins
Colorless plastid that contain stored food.
Upon exposure to light they may develop into chloroplasts
CYTOSKELETON
Long slender protein tubes and fibers that extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements responsible for cell shape, movement within the cell, and movement of the cell:
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
PARTS OF CELLSUMMARY
PEROXISOME
Enzymes responsible for oxidizing certain molecules to form hydrogen peroxide