Language and Literature

• Language


  The principal method of human communication, consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture
• Diction


  Proper pronunciation
• Syntax


  The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
• Semantics


  The study of reference, meaning, or truth
• Grammar


  Set of rules or conventions to make a sentence correct
• Parts of Speech

  • Noun
  • Pronoun
  • Verb
  • Adverb
  • Conjunction
  • Preposition
  • Interjection
  • Adjective
• Noun


  A word used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things
• Types of Nouns

  • Common Nouns
  • Proper Nouns
• Common Nouns


  Starts with a small letter, the general name of something
• Common Nouns


  • School
  • Subject
  • Bag
• Proper Nouns


  Starts with a capital letter, the specific name of something
• Proper Nouns


  • INNHS
  • English
  • Jansport
• Pronouns


  A word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase
• Subjective (Nominative) Pronouns


  Acts as a subject in a sentence or a subject complement
• Objective (Accusative) Pronouns


  Acts as the direct object, indirect object of a sentence
• Possessive Pronouns


  Personal, shows that something belongs to someone
• Relative Pronouns


  Used to connect relative clauses to independent clauses
• Relative Pronouns


  • who
  • whom
  • whose
  • which
  • that
• Demonstrative Pronouns


  Used to point specific things
• Demonstrative Pronouns


  • this
  • that
  • these
  • those
• Indefinite Pronouns


  Does not refer to specific person, thing or amount
• Reflexive Pronouns


  Used for the object of a verb when it refers to the same noun as the subject of that verb
• Intensive Pronouns


  Adds emphasis or intensity to a noun
• Interrogative Pronouns


  Used in questions
• Interrogative Pronouns


  • who
  • whom
  • whose
  • what
• Reciprocal Pronouns


  Indicates a reciprocal relationship
• Reciprocal Pronouns


  • each other
  • one another
• Verbs


  Used to describe an action, state, or occurrence
• Auxiliary Verbs


  Verbs used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs
• Auxiliary Verbs


  • do (do, did, does)
  • be (is, are, was, were, am, been, being)
  • have (has, have, had)
• Modals


  Auxiliary verbs that express necessity or possibility
• Action Verbs


  Express an action, whether it be physical or mental
• Transitive Verb


  Requires a direct object
• Intransitive Verb


  Does not require a direct object
• Adverbs


  A word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even a whole sentence
• Conjunction


  A word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause
• Kinds of Conjunction

  • Coordinating Conjunctions
  • Subordinating Conjunctions
  • Correlative Conjunctions
• Coordinating Conjunctions

  FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
• Subordinating Conjunctions


  Connects a main clause with a subordinate clause
• Correlative Conjunctions


  Used to illustrate how two words or phrases within a sentence relate to each other