KSS

• aim

  written as a statement that includes variables being studied
• investigation question

  question study intends to solve/ find out
• hypothesis

  statement predicting the probable outcome of an investigation
• independent variable (IV)

  the variable researcher manipulates
• dependent variable (DV)

  the variable researcher measures to find effect of IV on DV
• extraneous variables (EV)


  variables other than IV that may have an unwanted effect on DV and results
• controlled variables

  variables held constant to ensure the only influence on DV is IV
• confounding variables (CV)

  unwanted variables that affect the DV
• population

  wider group of people that researcher is interested in understanding
• sample

  participants selected from population who participate in investigation
• random sampling

  selecting participants from population in a way that each member has an equal chance of being selected
• stratified sampling

  population is first divided into subgroups then participants are randomly selected from subgroups, in the proportion they appear in the population
• convenience sampling

  based on accessibility
• controlled experiment

  experimental investigation of relationship between one or more IVS and a DV, all other variables are controlled
• random allocation

  dividing sample into groups so each participant has an equal chance of being placed in experimental or control group
• between subjects design

  participant are randomly allocated to either the control or experimental condition
• within subjects design

  all participants in the sample completing both the experimental and control conditions
• mixed design

  combination of between and within subject designs