PR

• Theory of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)


  The distance between what students can do by themselves and the next learning that they can be helped to achieve with complete assistance
• Theory of Constructivism or Discovery Learning


  Students can discover answers / construct their own learning by making use of their schemata or prior knowledge
• Discovery Learning


  • Building knowledge by actively exploring and experiencing things
  • Learners actively construct their understanding
  • Exploring and experimenting to build knowledge
• Learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge
• Enactive representation


  Action-based information stored in memory through physical actions
• Iconic representation


  Information stored as sensory images, usually visual ones
• Symbolic representation


  Knowledge stored primarily as language, mathematical symbols, or other symbol systems
• Inquiry-based learning


  1. Ask question / propose a problem

  2. Find ways to answer the question / solve the problem

  3. Arrive to an answer / solution
• Inquiry-based learning


  • Why do plants need sunlight to grow?
  • Gathering information through books, online resources, and experiments
  • Concluding that plants need sunlight for photosynthesis
• Elements of Inquiry


  • Changing knowledge
  • Creativity
  • Subjectivity
  • Socio-cultural factors
  • Sensory experiences
  • Higher-order thinking strategies
• Changing knowledge


  Learning new things and adjusting understanding based on discoveries
• Creativity


  Thinking of new and imaginative ways to find solutions
• Subjectivity


  Understanding that different people might see things differently
• Socio-cultural factors


  Considering how society and culture influence thinking and problem-solving
• Sensory experiences


  Using senses to gather information
• Higher-order thinking strategies


  Using advanced thinking skills like analyzing, evaluating, and creating
• Theory on Connected Experiences for Exploratory and Reflective Thinking is supported by John Dewey
• Experiential learning


  Learning by doing and connecting experiences for better understanding
• Dewey defined the educational process as a continual reorganization, reconstruction and transformation of experience
• Research


  A process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information
• Characteristics of Research


  • Accuracy
  • Objectivity
  • Timeliness
  • Relevance
  • Clarity
  • Systematic
  • Ethical
• Purposes of Research


  • To learn how to work independently
  • To learn how to work scientifically
  • To have in-depth knowledge
  • To elevate mental abilities
  • To improve reading and writing skills
  • To be familiar with research tools
  • To be free from domination of a single viewpoint
• Types of Research based on application of research methods

  • Pure
  • Applied
• Pure Research


  Deals with ideas, principles, or abstract concepts without immediate practical application
• Examples of Pure Research

  • A theoretical physicist studying fundamental forces
  • An evolutionary biologist researching genetic relationships
  • A mathematician exploring mathematical structures
• Applied Research


  Deals with societal problems or issues with the purpose of solving practical problems
• Examples of Applied Research

  • Medical research developing a new drug
  • Environmental research reducing pollution
  • Analysts studying consumer preferences
• Types of Research based on purpose

  • Descriptive
  • Correlational
  • Explanatory/Causal
  • Exploratory/Formulative
  • Action
• Descriptive Research


  Centers on the “what” of the subject matter, aiming to describe or define a phenomenon
• Examples of Descriptive Research

  • Describing patterns in gadget usage
  • Average age of first-time smartphone users
  • Frequency of college students' exercise
• Correlational Research


  Shows relationship or connectedness between two factors called variables
• Examples of Correlational Research


  • Correlation between hours of study and exam scores
  • Income and level of education correlation
  • Exercise and mental health correlation
• Explanatory/Causal Research


  Focuses on reasons behind occurrences and present or future effects
• Examples of Explanatory Research

  • Understanding college students' addiction to gadgets
  • Investigating productivity factors among employees
  • Researching customer satisfaction factors
• Exploratory/Formulative Research


  Aims at obtaining a clear understanding of the research problem and formulating hypotheses
• Examples of Exploratory Research

  • New teaching method's effect on mathematics performance
  • Exploring attitudes towards a new product
• Action Research


  Studies ongoing practices to obtain results that will bring about improvements
• Examples of Action Research

  • Implementing changes in a school curriculum
  • A teacher conducting action research
• There is little literature on their topic.
• Exploratory research


  Exploring a topic when there is little existing information, often used to formulate hypotheses or questions for further investigation.