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Earth science (Sci) (Upcat passer!!!!!)
Athmosphere
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Earth is characterized by its
blue waters
,
rocky brown
and
green land masses
with
white grounds
set against the
black
background
Earth
Made up of
erratic
,
complex
and
interactive
systems that make it a constantly
changing
planet
Compositional Layers of Earth
Crust
Mantle
Core
Crust
Made up of large
rocks
Divided into
oceanic
and
continental
crust
50-70
km in depth
Outermost
layer of the earth
Oceanic crust elements
Iron
(Fe)
Oxygen
(O)
Magnesium
(Mg)
Aluminium
(Al)
Continental crust rocks
Granite
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Mantle
Solid rocks
and
minerals
Marked by
malleable semi-solid magma
85
% of the total weight and mass of the planet
First
50
miles composed of very
hard rigid rock
Next
150
miles is
superheated solid rock
Core
Made up of metal
alloy
such as
iron
(Fe) and
nickel
(Ni)
Divided into
inner
core and
outer
core
Contains
siderophiles
Outer Core
Largest
and second to the last layer
2,200
km thick
Composed of
superheated
liquid molten lava of liquid
iron
and
nickel
NiFe alloy temperature between
4,500°
to
5,500°
Celsius
Liquid metal has very
low
viscosity
Inner Core
Exceedingly
hot, densely huge, mostly
iron
2500
km wide
Temperature ranges from
5,000°C
to
6,000°C
Strong pressure
keeps metal solid
Some scientists assume that the
inner core
is not totally solid but rather as
plasma
behaving as solid
Seismic waves
are caused by
breaking down rocks
or
explosions
Earth's Four Subsystems
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Outermost
layer of a terrestrial planet
Consists of the
crust
and the solid
outermost
layer of the Earth
Hydrosphere
Waters near the
Earth
surface
Includes
oceans, rivers,
and
lakes
Can be in
liquid, vapor,
and
ice
forms
97
% of the
Earth's water
is in the form of
oceans
(salty)
Three-quarters
of
freshwater
exists in
ice sheets
Ocean
Zones
Coastal
zone
Pelagic
zone
Neritic
zone
Oceanic
zone
Epipelagic
zone
Mesopelagic
zone
Bathypelagic
zone
Abyssopelagic
zone
Hadalpelagic
zone
Coastal
zone
Sea
bottom
exposed during
low
tide
Covered during
high
tide
Animals adapted include sea
stars,
sea
urchins,
and some species of
coral
Pelagic
zone
Located
seaward
of the coastal zone's
low tide
mark
Always
covered
with
water
Neritic zone
Lies above the
continental shelf
Extends from low tide mark to a depth of
200m
Sunlight
penetrates the water
Epipelagic
zone
0-200m
depth
Gets a lot of
sunlight
Abundance of
aquatic
plants
Common animals include
seals
, sea
turtles
, sea
lions
,
rays
, and
sharks
Mesopelagic
zone
200-1000m
depth
Characterized by
dim
light
No
plants
found
Animals include
lilly
fish,
octopus
, and
squid
Bathypelagic
zone
1000-4000m
depth
Does not receive any
sunlight
Animals that live here lack
eyes
Abyssopelagic
zone
4000-6000m
depth
Described as
deep sea
Most animals are
invertebrates
like
blind shrimps
,
small squids
, and
hagfish
Hadalpelagic
zone
6000m
to the bottom
Deepest
part of the ocean
Found in
deep water trenches
and canyons
Animals include sea
cucumber
and tube
worms
Atmosphere
Blanket
of
gas
surrounding our planet
Enables plants to make their own
food
Traps
heat
to keep us
warm
Protects from
harmful
radiation
Drives ocean currents that
regulate
climate
Troposphere
Lowest
layer of the atmosphere
Contains about
80
% of the total mass of the atmosphere
Most
water vapor
present in this layer
All
weather-associated clouds
Stratosphere
Extends up to
50km
high
Contains
ozone layer
which absorbs solar
ultraviolet
radiation
Mesosphere
Extends to
85
km
Meteors
usually burn up in this region
Coldest
region in the atmosphere
Thermosphere
Extends up to
500km
Auroras
and
satellites
occur
Temperature
can rise to
1500
degrees Celsius
Exosphere
Upper
limit
of our
atmosphere
Extends to
10,000km
Biosphere
Part of the
Earth
where
life exists
<|>
Global ecological system
integrating all
living
things and their
relationships
Biosphere was coined by geologist
Edward Suess
in
1875
Biomes
Aquatic
Forests
Desert
Tundra
Aquatic biome
Includes freshwater and marine regions
Houses numerous species of plants and animals
Forests
biome
Includes
tropical
,
temperate
, and
taiga
Dominated by
grasses
,
large shrubs
, and
trees
Tropical Rainforest
Found
closer
to the
equator
Hot,
moist biome
with rain all year long
Known for dense
canopies
of
vegetation
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Has
four
distinct seasons
Leaves change color and fall off in
autumn
Trees
bloom
again in spring
Taiga
Forest
Boreal
forest
Composed primarily of
cone-bearing evergreen
trees
Found in
northern circumpolar
regions
Long winters
and
moderate
to
high
annual
precipitation
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