Energy and metabolism

• Passive transport


  Type of cell transport that does not require energy
• Active transport


  Type of cell transport that requires energy
• Active transport

  Substances move from an area of low to high concentration
• Passive transport


  Substances move from an area of high to low concentration
• Primary energy source in cells


  Glucose
• Nucleus function


  Stores DNA
• Cell boundary structure


  Cell membrane
• Chloroplast


  Organelle responsible for photosynthesis
• Statistical significance

  1. value < 0.05
• Mitochondrion has 2 membranes
• Mitochondria internal surface area increase

  By folding and stacking internal membranes
• Substrate


  Molecule that binds to an enzyme
• Active site


  Location where a substrate binds to an enzyme
• Inhibitors


  Molecules which prevent the substrate binding to an enzyme
• Types of enzyme model

  • Lock-and-key
  • Induced-fit model
• Cell membrane structure

  A double layer of lipids with embedded specialised protein molecules
• Organisms obtain the energy needed to recycle ATP from glucose in cellular respiration
• The process of photosynthesis is an enzyme-controlled series of chemical reactions that occurs in the chloroplast in plant cells and uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds (glucose)
• Photosynthesis overall process equation

  • 6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
• Photosynthesis stages

  Light-dependent reactions<|>Light-independent reactions
• Aerobic respiration


  Reaction sequence that requires oxygen
• Aerobic respiration reactions


  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs cycle
  • Electron transfer chain
• ATP is an energy carrier in all living cells
• ATP is a renewable energy source
• When the bonds attaching the last phosphate group to ATP are broken, stored energy is released, converting ATP to ADP
• Some reactions produce energy, which can be added to ADP converting it back to ATP
• Photosynthesis


  Process by which green plants and algae use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water
• In plants, the rate of photosynthesis is greater than the rate of cellular respiration
• Chloroplasts


  Organelles concentrated in leaf tissue
• Cells in stems and roots lack chloroplasts and cannot conduct photosynthesis
• Thylakoid membrane


  Interconnected system of membranes in chloroplasts
• Grana


  Stacks of thylakoid membranes containing chlorophyll
• Light-dependent stage


  Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes
• Light-dependent reactions


  1. Light energises electrons

  2. Splits water molecules

  3. Electrons transferred to NADP+ to make NADPH

  4. ATP synthase creates ATP
• Calvin cycle


  Light-independent stage of photosynthesis occurring in the chloroplast’s stroma
• Light-independent reactions


  1. CO2 + 5C → 6C → 3C + 3C

  2. ATP and NADPH create 3-carbon sugars

  3. 3-C sugar + ATP → C6H12O6 + 5C + ADP + Pi
• It takes 6 turns of the Calvin cycle to produce one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6)
• Photosynthetic reactions are divided into two distinct stages
• The rate of photosynthesis depends on the limiting factor
• Reactant concentration


  Large amounts of reactants increase the rate of photosynthesis