clauses

• conditional relatives


  a relative clause can be used to replace a protasis; mood and tense for type of condition is maintained; uses indefinite relative pronouns or regular relative pronouns; can begin with relative adverbs; preferred place for ἄν is immediately after the relative adverb
• conditional temporal clauses


  can function as the protasis of a condition; particularly common when a temporal clause is introduced by ἐπεί or ἐπειδή; preferred place for ἄν is immediately after the subordinating conjunction
• result clauses


  adverbial clauses introduced by ὥστε (so that, so as); often the main clause will have a demonstrative like οὕτω (so, thus), τοιοῦτος (of such a sort, such) or τοσοῦτος (so great, so much); these demonstratives anticipate the result clause and function as a correlative with ὥστε
• natural result clause


  does not specify if it actually happens, just what is likely; verb is infinitive; subject is either the same as the main clause or put into the accusative; negative natural result uses µή or its compounds; ὥστε translated as 'so as'; translate infinitive as a finite verb with 'might,' 'could,' or 'would'
• actual result clause


  result actually happens; verb must be finite and indicative and in any tense; nominative subject; negative actual result uses οὐ or its compounds; ὥστε translated as 'so that'
• purpose clause


  adverbial clause; also called final clause; introduced by the subordinating conjunction ἵνα, ὅπως, or ὡς (in order that); negative purpose clauses use ἵνα µή, ὅπως µή, ὡς µή or just µή (in order that...not, lest); uses the subjunctive if main verb is primary, subjunctive, optative, or imperative; uses optative if the main verb is secondary; tense shows aspect not time; translate verb as an infinitive; implies a goal and the action to achieve it
• clauses of effort


  describes a result that someone strives to accomplish or avert; used with verbs that signify an expenditure of effort or care; ὅπως - that; verb in future indicative
• clauses of fear


  describes something that someone fears may or may not happen; used with verbs of caution or equivalent expressions; usually introduced by µὴ - that/lest; verb in subjunctive