GEN BIO.

• Scientific reasoning steps

  • Make an observation
  • Ask a question
  • Form a hypothesis
  • Try again
• Scientific method

  1. Make an observation

  2. Ask a question

  3. Form a hypothesis

  4. Make a prediction

  5. Do an experiment

  6. Analyze the results

  7. Report results
• Hypothesis not supported

  Hypothesis is NOT SUPPORTED
• Independent variable


  Variable that I test/change - the outlet
• Dependent variable


  Results from the action of the independent variable - the outcome; toaster works or doesn't work
• Controlled variables


  Things that don't change in the experiment - toaster, power stays constant, type of bread, time of day, room temperature
• Control Group


  A group that doesn't receive the test - another appliance?
• Data representation

  1. Graph independent variable on x-axis

  2. Dependent variable on y-axis
• Basic science


  Seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge
• Applied science


  Aims to use science to solve immediate problems (problems as defined by the researcher)
• Applications of applied science

  • Identification of genetic diseases
  • Paternity tests
  • Crime scene analysis
• After the discovery of DNA and the finalization of the Human Genome Project, the identification of genetic diseases, paternity tests, and crime scene analysis have all gotten easier.
• The atom is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter.
• Bonding of atoms


  At least two atoms form molecules
• The simplest level of organization for living things is a single organelle, which is composed of aggregates of macromolecules.
• The highest level of organization for living things is the biosphere; it encompasses all other levels.
• Biological levels of organization of living things

  • Organelle
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Organisms
  • Populations
  • Communities
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere
• Aristotle, a Greek Philosopher believed that with favorable environment and forces of nature, life can come from non-living materials.
• Abiogenesis Theory


  Life can appear from a non-living material
• Biogenesis


  Life appeared from living material
• In 1886, Italian physician Francesco Redi conducted an experiment that challenged the idea of spontaneous generation.
• Redi was able to prove that organisms do not just come to life spontaneously.
• Francesco Redi: '"Maggot in the flask"'
• In 1745, John Needham, an English priest and biologist challenged Redi's experiment.
• Needham tried to prove that spontaneous generation can occur in an appropriate condition.
• Heat could kill organisms even the smallest ones. Meaning the heat killed the organisms inside.
• When broth was boiled, all organisms in it had died from the heat.
• Days later, he noticed that a thick solution had formed on the broth.
• In 1767, Lazzaro Spallanzani, an Italian scholar and scientist conducted an experiment to verify Needham's setup.
• Needham had not heated the broth enough to kill all organisms in it.
• The setup that was sealed remained free from microbial growth.
• He concludes that life occurred from something that entered the unsealed flask and it was the one responsible for life to grow.
• Plant Anatomy


  The study of the internal structure of plants.
• Plant Physiology


  The study of the functions and processes that occur within plants.
• Plant Ecology


  The study of the relationships between plants and their environment.
• Animal Anatomy


  The study of the internal structure of animals.
• Animal Physiology


  The study of the functions and processes that occur within animals.
• Animal Behavior


  The study of the behavior and social interactions of animals.
• Bacteriology


  The study of bacteria and their interactions with the environment.
• Virology


  The study of viruses and their interactions with the environment.