Biomechanics

• Newton's First Law (Inertia)

  A body will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force
• Newton's Second Law (Acceleration)

  A force applied to an object will produce acceleration proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the object's mass (F = ma)
• Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction)


  For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
• Force


  A push or pull acting on an object, which can cause it to accelerate, decelerate, remain in place, or change direction
• Mass


  The amount of matter that makes up an object, measured in kilograms
• Weight


  The force exerted on a body by gravity, calculated as mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (W = mg)
• Acceleration


  The rate at which an object changes its velocity, which can be caused by forces acting on the object
• Inertia


  The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion
• Momentum


  The quantity of motion an object has, dependent on both its mass and velocity (momentum = mass × velocity)
• Impulse


  The product of a force and the time period over which it is applied, which equals the change in momentum of an object (impulse = force × time)
• Friction


  The force that opposes the motion of two surfaces in contact, which can be static (preventing motion) or kinetic (opposing ongoing motion)
• Elasticity


  The ability of an object to return to its original shape after being deformed
• Coefficient of Restitution


  A measure of the elasticity of a collision between two objects, represented as a value between 0 and 1
• Conservation of Momentum


  The principle that the total momentum of a closed system is constant if no external forces are acting on it
• Angular Motion


  The motion of an object around a central point or axis
• Torque


  A force that causes rotation, dependent on the force's magnitude and the distance from the axis of rotation
• Angular Momentum


  The quantity of rotational motion an object has, which depends on its moment of inertia and angular velocity
• Moment of Inertia


  The resistance of an object to changes in its rotational motion, influenced by the mass distribution relative to the axis of rotation
• Summation of Momentum


  The coordinated and sequential movement of body parts to produce maximum velocity or force in activities such as throwing or striking
• Impact


  A collision between two objects, with the type of collision influencing the subsequent motion of the objects
• Rebound Velocity


  The speed at which an object moves away after impact, influenced by the elasticity and coefficient of restitution