TEXT TYPE AND STRUCTURE

• Compare & Contrast

  Similarities and differences are presented in this text structure
• Words/expressions used in Compare & Contrast

  • similarly
  • in like manner
  • in the same way
  • both
  • on the contrary
  • the opposite
  • compared to
  • although
  • unless
  • however
  • use of comparative & superlative
• Cause & Effect

  This text structure presents reasons why a situation is obtained
• Words/expressions used in Cause & Effect

  • such as
  • so that
  • as a result
  • consequently
  • explanation for
  • thus
• Problem & Solution

  This text structure starts with a negative situation (problem) and ends with a positive situation (solution)
• Words/expressions used in Problem & Solution

  • the problem is…
  • if/then
  • so that
  • solves
  • an answer to…
  • addresses the problem of…
• Recount of a Sequence

  Sequential description of a process or procedure
• Words/expressions used in Recount of a Sequence

  • first
  • second
  • now
  • before
  • after
  • then
  • finally
  • while
  • during
  • meanwhile
  • other expressions of time & duration
  • date is also used
• Definition

  This text structure explains the nature of something
• Words/expressions used in Definition

  • for example, can be
  • is defined as
  • means
  • contains
  • make up
  • involves
  • as
  • appears to be
  • refers to
  • uses class/genus
• Description

  This text structure gives concrete details about appearance, characteristics, and actions
• Words used in Description

  • Adjectives to describe size, shape, position, and color
  • Adverb to qualify an action
• Enumeration


  It is a listing, as in a list of parts, of characteristics, of examples, etc.
• Words/expressions used in Enumeration

  • to start with
  • first
  • second
  • in addition
  • next
  • then
  • another
  • finally
  • also
• Classification

  This structure is an organizational strategy whereby the writer arranges groups of persons, places, things, or abstract ideas according to a category
• Words/expressions used in Classification

  • several types
  • kinds of
  • a part of
  • an example of
  • ways of
  • classes of
  • divided into
• Thesis-Evidence

  This structure primarily serves the purpose of arguing a standpoint
• Words/expressions used in Thesis-Evidence

  • assert
  • claim
  • prove/show that
  • support
  • allege
  • evidence
  • proof
  • argument