1.2 Urban forms

• Explain cultural heritage sites

  Many cities across the UK have been developed into cultural heritage quarters, as a model for urban regeneration. In declining areas such as Manchester Northern Quarter. For a location to become a cultural quarter there must have been existence of cultural production such as making products such as goods, products or consumption (such as old mills, art exhibits) The sites focus on the history
• What is the example of the cultural heritage site?

  Manchester Northern Quarter. The The location has become a trendy area, with street art, trendy bars independent record stores, vintage shops such as Afflecks. Restaurants piercing shops, and music venues hosting indie bands. The area also capitalises on new urban culture such as growing cafe culture with multiple coffee shops. The recent channel fashion occurred in Manchester due to the rich history of cotton. Manchester has preservation of old urban culture and history of the location such as old infrastructure and architecture - the northern quarter has allowed the area to flourish and not fall into urban decline
• Explain Gentrfication

  A process of urban change, the buying and renovating properties, this causes a change in demographic as younger affluent migrants replace and price out old residents. Gentrification is led by individuals not the government, although improvements may help indirectly there is no direct link.
• Why doe gentrified areas occur

  - People have a preference for city amenities because certain demographic groups want the cultural venues, lively street location and amenities such as the 24 hour urban culture present in cities.

  -there is also some input of governments as there is improvements to leisure services sanitation etc which make them more desirable, although new residents want different services to innital residents such as M&S instead of the corner shops

  -Also increasing housing prices cause people to look to improve cheap houses
• What are the benefits of gentrified areas?

  - Increased tax, income and council which leads to development.

  -The increased disposable income provides and economic boost to services

  -Improves local property values - properties such as housing well sell for more so helps local property owners

  -Better aesthetics and services - such as better sanitation, clean streets less litter and better art work in Manchester such as murals

  -Can reduce suburban sprawl
• What are the negatives of Gentrified areas

  Disproportionality impacts poorer marginalised residents in the location as they may get priced of locations, due to increases in rent taxes, and also general cost of living in the location as old amenities and services become more expensive such as in the northern quarter old services such a pubs have been replaced by expensive, restaurants and cafes or even shops such as old corner shops have been replaced with M&S.

  
  

  Displacement of communities can lead to loss of social diversity and can lead to class social exclusion and also social segregation in locations as gentrified areas become affluent worse case old residents become homeless, or they move into new communities There is often protests against gentrification symbolising it is not goof
• What is the example of a gentrified area?


  The Manchester Northern Quarter
• What is urban resurgence?

  The movement of people back into an urban area which was previously in decline
• Why was urban resurgence needed?

  It was needed due to decentralisation and counter urbanisation leading to the decline of the CBD.
• What is 'dead heart syndrome' in relation to urban areas?

  It refers to the decline of the CBD, causing concerns about its functionality.
• What were the government’s responses to the decline of the CBD?

  They set up redevelopment schemes to make city living more attractive.
• What are the causes and reasons for urban resurgence?

  • Influx of people and investment improves socio-economic and environmental conditions.
  • Increasing job opportunities in the CBD due to regeneration.
  • The lure of urban culture, such as '24 hour city life'.
  • Growth of transport links connecting locations.
  • Regeneration of old infrastructure.
  • Improvements to air quality.
  • Enhancements in safety and crime reduction.
  • Lack of cheap daily accessible parking becomes a pull factor.
• Which cities in the UK have experienced urban resurgence?

  Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester, and London
• What role did government-led regeneration play in urban resurgence?

  It facilitated improvements in areas like Castlefield.
• How did sporting events contribute to urban resurgence?

  They acted as catalysts for regeneration, attracting visitors and investment.
• What was the impact of the 2002 Commonwealth Games on East Manchester?

  It acted as a catalyst for regeneration in the area.
• What were the social impacts of deindustrialisation in East Manchester?

  • Decreased employment opportunities.
  • Lack of public services such as transport.
  • High crime rates and anti-social behavior.
  • Out-migration of skilled population.
  • Population decline due to job losses.
• What was established in 2010 to improve East Manchester?

  The Urban Regeneration Company New East Manchester
• What improvements were made in East Manchester due to regeneration?

  • Job creation and improvements in public services.
  • Development of new homes.
  • Increased educational achievement due to new schools.
  • Creation of family neighborhoods and shopping centers.
• What were the economic impacts of deindustrialisation in East Manchester?

  It led to a lack of investment and socio-economic deprivation.
• What environmental issues did East Manchester face before regeneration?

  Derelict buildings, litter, and lack of urban green space.
• How many homes were improved in East Manchester after regeneration?

  7,000 homes were improved.
• What is the Sports Action Zone in East Manchester?

  It is a scheme that allows locals to access sports facilities and improve health and wellbeing.
• What are the risks associated with urban regeneration in East Manchester?

  Social exclusion of poorer residents and potential gentrification.
• What are the general improvements seen in East Manchester due to regeneration?

  • New metro links connecting to the city center.
  • Investment in schools leading to better educational outcomes.
  • Creation of new health clinics and children's centers.
  • Improved local aesthetics and reduction of crime.
• How many new jobs were created in East Manchester since regeneration?

  3,000 new jobs were created.
• What is the significance of the Alan Turing employment corridor?

  It attracts more investment and jobs to the area.
• What are the environmental improvements made in East Manchester?

  Reduction of graffiti, litter, and derelict properties.
• What are the costs and benefits of gentrification?

  Benefits:

  • Improves local property values.
  • Increases tax revenue for development.
  • Enhances aesthetics and services.

  
  

  Costs:

  • Displaces poorer residents.
  • Increases cost of living.
  • Reduces social diversity.
• What is a cultural heritage quarter?

  It is an area developed for urban regeneration focusing on cultural production and heritage sites.
• What characterizes the Northern Quarter in Manchester?

  • Trendy area with street art and independent shops.
  • Hosts music venues and cafes.
  • Preserves old urban culture and infrastructure.
• How does gentrification change the demographic of an area?

  It replaces older residents with younger affluent migrants.
• What are the urban resurgence strategies beyond gentrification?

  • Place marketing and rebranding.
  • Flagship attractions like the Trafford Centre.
  • Improving aesthetics and safety in urban areas.
• What is the purpose of fortress landscapes in urban areas?

  To create high levels of security and surveillance while excluding certain groups.
• What does 'designing out crime' mean in urban planning?

  • Planning the built environment to prevent crime.
  • Removing features that enable crime during redevelopment.
• What is a town centre mixed development

  many cities are encouraging the mixed-function developments into the CBD and inner city areas other than retail spaces, these developments contain a mixture of leisure, entairtment, nightlife, flagship attractions, public spaces, and offices and apartment
• What is the case study for mixed developmenta

  within public spaces and leisure facilities such as cafes, meeting places and restaurantsThe area is developed to create a new city centre, which allows living and working community during the day and nightlife attracting people to move.The area has attracting business tenants such as pure gym, Barclays and The Ivy.
• what are the benefits of megacities globally/ nationall?

  2-3 more GDP than other cities

  they are service centres, the higher the population of an area the more productive attract HQs and tertiary jobs.

  In NEES and some LICS are manufacturing hubs such as Dhaka

  centres of innovation- socially solution to many global challenges through protest and global policy making or vaccines technology

  environmental - the higher the population the less damage through transport
• What are the regional benefits of megacities?

  -More GDP and the large population mean there can be services expansion provided to the population such as education and healthcare.

  -urban areas have more diverse job market

  -better levels of healthcare and education can empower women
• what are world cities

  citis irrespective of their size that significnat political and economic power and influence globally such as NYC, London and Tokyo. They are bussiness and cultural centres