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Biology
Prelim
Mod 4
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Archie Gould
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Module
2
: Organisation of Living Things
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Order of organisation
1.
Atom
2.
Molecule
3.
Cell
4.
Tissue
5.
Organ
6.
System
7.
Organism
8.
Population
9.
Community
10.
Ecosystem
11.
Biosphere
12.
Species
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Life classified into three domains
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
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Unicellular organisms
Composed of
one cell
Complete
all
functions
of
life
Small
size for
efficient transport
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Colonial organisms
Collection of
unicellular
organisms
Capable of
living independently
Perform
the
same functions
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Multicellular organisms
Collection of
differentiated cells
Cells perform
specific functions
No cells can survive
independently
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Examples of unicellular organisms
Bacteria
Archaea
Protozoa
Yeast
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Cell differentiation
Process by which
cells
become
specialised
to perform
different functions
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Stem cells are
undifferentiated
cells
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Pluripotent cells
Cells that give rise to
all cell types
in the body
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Structure and specialisation of a cell are related to its
function
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Organelles
Components
within the
cell
that carry out
specialized functions
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Examples of organelles
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
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Chloroplasts capture solar energy
Convert it into
glucose
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Mitochondria generate energy
Produce
ATP
through
respiration
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Multicellular organisms have variation in organelle
number
and
type
based on
cell specialization
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Cells may be
flattened
or
elongated
to
increase surface area
to
volume
ratio
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Specialised transport
systems are required for
large multicellular organisms
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Surface area to
volume
ratio affects
diffusion efficiency
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Cell differentiation and specialisation
Cells become
structurally suited
to carry out
different functions
Increases
effectiveness due to
division
of
labour
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Undifferentiated cells
can divide and differentiate into other types of cells
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Stem cells
Undifferentiated
cells
Differentiate
to form
specialised
cells
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The type of
cell
formed from
stem cells
is determined by
location
and
genes
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Types of autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
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Autotrophs
Organisms
that
produce
their own
food
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Heterotrophs
Organisms that obtain
nutrition
by
consuming
other organisms
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Cells
make tissue
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Study material date
16/08/2024
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Autotrophs
Organisms that
can produce own food
through
photosynthesis
or
chemosynthesis
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Heterotrophs
Cannot produce their own
food
and obtain
nutrition
and
energy
through
consuming
other
organisms
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Types of heterotrophs
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Decomposers
Scavengers
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Types of autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
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Photoautotrophs
Carry out
photosynthesis
using
sunlight energy
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Chemoautotrophs
Obtain energy from
inorganic chemical reactions
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Vascular plants
Have true
roots
,
stems
, and
leaf
system
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Non-vascular plants
Lack true
roots
,
stems
, and
leaf
system
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Macroscopic structures
Structures that can be seen with the
naked eye
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Microscopic structures
Structures that can only be seen using a
microscope
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Macroscopic structures of plants
Root system
Shoot
system
Flower
Fruit
Stem
Leaves
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Stamen
Male
component of the flower (
anther
and
filament
)
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