Bradford

• What is Bradford a case study of ?

  Near place

  Media places'

  Identity + belonging

  Exogenous and endogenous factors
• Bradford has changed from a manufacturing to a service economy; this was influenced by many exogenous factors
• What exogenous factors have influenced change in Bradford?

  -Margaret Thatchers free market economies

  -Globalisation

  -Governmental policies
• What are 'free market economies' ?

  Companies either 'sink or swim' . This means there are minimal rules regarding companies, which usually results in the larger companies buying the smaller companies. This is known as 'owning the monopoly'.
• Which company in Bradford suffered due to 'free market economies' ?

  Jowett's cars. Ford bought Brigg's, which was Jowett's original supplier of light aluminium bodies.
• How did globalisation effect Bradford ?

  It meant that Barret's shoes could no longer compete with cheaper wages and prices on shoes that were imported overseas, so was forced to close.
• What was the Commonwealth Act of 1962?

  Government wanted to ban the number of immigrants entering the UK to work the nightshift at factories. Forbid people living for a short amount of time then moving back to their home country. Had to either live here permanently or not come back at all.
• How did the Commonwealth Act of 1962 backfire?


  Many immigrants decided to just move permanently into the UK
• What was the Commonwealth Act of 1968 ?


  Only people who had a father or grandfather born in the UK could enter.
• 1.6 million Pakistanis ('21 census)

  19.23% in Yorkshire and Humber ('11 census)
• Jowett cars was open from 1947-1953 until Free Market Economies meant they could no longer be supplied their unique materials.

  The Jowett Cars factory was bought by international harvester in 1954-1982. The closing of IH caused the loss of 500 jobs
• In the media, Bradford is often poorly portrayed; Lucy Warrens article was titled "People think Bradford is Britain's most dangerous city-is that true?" which actually showed that Bradford is Britain's 2nd most peaceful
• Glasgow and Bradford's media portrayal greatly differ, even though Glasgow has a much higher crime rate. This causes negative perceptions of the city which can reduce investments etc.
• Bradford's identity?

  -Curry Capital of the North (food)

  -ITV

  -City of Culture

  -Festivals, Celebrations and Markets
• 4.3% of Bradford's population is Pakistani
• There is clear social segregation in terms of education in Bradford:

  55% P grade A-C at GCSE, 60% all pupils (P out-performs)

  16% P at least 3 GCSE A grades, 21% white

  50% P 5 or above in Math and English, 48% W
• Unemployment rates also show social segregation:

  Pakistanis have the second highest unemployment rate in 2023 at 9.2%