gnm: causation

• how does the but for test change?


  but for the defendant’s breach of duty, would the death of the victim have occurred
• what was confirmed in r v broughton (2020)?

  if it cannot be proven that the breach caused the death beyond all reasonable doubt, causation cannot be established
• what was confirmed in evans (2009)?

  self-injection is not a novus actus interveniens in gnm