gnm: gross negligence

• is gross negligence a higher standard than in civil negligence?

  yes
• what was confirmed in andrews (1987)?

  a simple lack of care is not enough
• what was confirmed in bateman (1925)?

  ’such disregard for the life and safety of others as to amount to a crime against the state and conduct deserving of punishment’
• what was confirmed in adamako (1994)?

  ’whether… the conduct of the defendant was so bad in all the circumstances as to amount to a criminal act or omission’