U2 AOS1

• What is the definition of social cognition?


  The process of understanding, interpreting, analyzing, remembering, and using information about the social world.
• What is an ingroup?


  A group with which an individual identifies and feels a sense of belonging.
• Can you give an example of an ingroup?


  Close friends or a community you're actively involved in.
• What is an outgroup?


  A group with which an individual does not identify and may feel competition or opposition towards.
• Can you provide an example of an outgroup?

  A rival sports team.
• What does the tricomponent model of attitudes include?

  Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
• What are the strengths of the tricomponent model of attitudes?

  It provides a comprehensive view of attitudes by considering thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
• What are the limitations of the tricomponent model of attitudes?

  Attitudes may not always predict behavior, especially when there is cognitive dissonance.
• What is the affective component of an attitude?

  The emotional or feeling aspect of an attitude.
• Can you give an example of the affective component?


  Feeling fear towards spiders.
• What is the cognitive component of an attitude?

  The belief or knowledge aspect of an attitude.
• Can you provide an example of the cognitive component?


  Believing spiders are dangerous.
• What is the behavioral component of an attitude?

  The action or observable behavior aspect of an attitude.
• Can you give an example of the behavioral component?

  Avoiding spiders.
• What is a stereotype?


  A widely held but fixed and oversimplified belief about a particular type of person or thing.
• What does stereotyping involve?


  Applying a stereotype to an individual or group, often leading to generalized and inaccurate judgments.
• What is social stigma?

  The disapproval or discrimination against a person or group based on perceivable social characteristics that distinguish them from others.
• Can you provide an example of social stigma?

  The stereotype that people with mental illness are dangerous.
• What is discrimination?


  The unfair treatment of individuals or groups based on characteristics like race, gender, or age, leading to unequal opportunities or outcomes.
• What is prejudice?


  A preconceived opinion or attitude about an individual or group that is not based on reason or actual experience.
• What is old-fashioned prejudice?

  Overt, blatant negative attitudes towards a group.
• What is modern prejudice?


  Subtle, indirect negative attitudes that may be unconscious.
• What is implicit prejudice?


  Unconscious negative attitudes influencing behavior.
• What is explicit prejudice?


  Conscious, openly expressed negative attitudes.
• What is direct discrimination?


  Unequal treatment in a straightforward and overt manner based on characteristics like race or gender.
• What is indirect discrimination?


  Practices or policies that appear neutral but result in unequal treatment of certain groups.
• What are the conditions under which intergroup contact can reduce prejudice?

  • Equal status among groups
  • Common goals
• What is mutual interdependence?

  • Groups working together to achieve common goals
  • Reduces prejudice
• What are superordinate goals?

  • Shared goals that require cooperation between groups
  • Help reduce prejudice
• What is equality of status?


  • Ensuring equal status for all group members
  • Reduces prejudice
• What are cognitive interventions?

  • Strategies to change thinking about outgroups
  • Aim to reduce prejudice
• What is cognitive dissonance?


  The psychological discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs or attitudes, often leading to a change in one to reduce discomfort.
• What is social power?

  The ability to influence or control the behavior of others in a social context.
• What is coercive power?

  Influence through the threat or use of punishment.
• What is reward power?


  Influence by providing rewards or incentives.
• What is legitimate power?

  Influence based on a formal position or role.
• What is referent power?

  Influence based on admiration or respect.
• What is expert power?

  Influence based on knowledge or expertise.
• What is obedience?


  The act of following orders or instructions from an authority figure, often without questioning.
• What is constructive obedience?

  Following orders that lead to positive outcomes or contribute to the well-being of individuals or society.