Topic 7-Organic chemistry

• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  Crude oil is primarily composed of hydrocarbons.
• How is crude oil formed?


  Crude oil is formed from the remains of ancient biomass, mainly plankton, buried in mud.
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  The general formula for alkanes is $C_nH_{2n+2}$.
• What are the first four members of the alkane series?

  The first four members of the alkane series are methane, ethane, propane, and butane.
• How can alkane molecules be represented?

  Alkane molecules can be represented in molecular formulae such as $C_2H_6$.
• What is fractional distillation used for in the context of crude oil?

  Fractional distillation is used to separate hydrocarbons in crude oil into fractions with similar carbon atom numbers.
• What products are derived from the fractions obtained from crude oil?

  Fractions from crude oil can be processed to produce fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry.
• Name some fuels produced from crude oil.

  Some fuels produced from crude oil include petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, and heavy fuel oil.
• What properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules?

  Properties such as boiling point, viscosity, and flammability depend on the size of hydrocarbon molecules.
• What is produced during the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  The complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and water.
• Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of methane.

  $CH_4 +$$2O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 +$$2H_2O$
• What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?

  Cracking is the process of breaking down hydrocarbons to produce smaller, more useful molecules.
• What are the two methods of cracking mentioned?

  The two methods of cracking mentioned are catalytic cracking and steam cracking.
• What type of hydrocarbons are produced from cracking?

  The products of cracking include alkanes and alkenes.
• Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

  Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes because they contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  The general formula for alkenes is $C_nH_{2n}$.
• What happens when alkenes react with bromine water?

  When alkenes react with bromine water, a color change occurs, indicating the presence of alkenes.
• What functional group do alcohols contain?

  Alcohols contain the functional group –OH.
• What are the first four members of the alcohol series?

  The first four members of the alcohol series are methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol.
• What happens when alcohols react with sodium?

  Alcohols react with sodium to produce hydrogen gas and an alkoxide.
• What is produced when sugar solutions are fermented using yeast?

  Aqueous solutions of ethanol are produced when sugar solutions are fermented using yeast.
• What functional group do carboxylic acids contain?

  Carboxylic acids contain the functional group –COOH.
• What are the first four members of the carboxylic acid series?

  The first four members of the carboxylic acid series are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid.
• What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

  Carboxylic acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a salt.
• What is addition polymerisation?

  Addition polymerisation is the process where alkenes join together to form polymers without losing any atoms.
• Name two examples of addition polymers.

  Two examples of addition polymers are poly(ethene) and poly(propene).
• What is condensation polymerisation?

  Condensation polymerisation involves monomers with two functional groups that join together, usually losing small molecules like water.
• What are amino acids and how do they react?

  Amino acids have two different functional groups and react by condensation polymerisation to produce polypeptides.
• What is DNA and its significance?

  DNA is a large molecule essential for life that encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms.
• What are the monomers that make up DNA?

  The monomers that make up DNA are called nucleotides.
• What are some naturally occurring polymers important for life?

  Some naturally occurring polymers important for life include proteins, starch, and cellulose.
• What are qualitative tests used for in chemical analysis?

  Qualitative tests are used to detect specific chemicals based on reactions that produce distinctive gases, color changes, or precipitates.
• Why are instrumental methods important in chemical analysis?

  Instrumental methods provide fast, sensitive, and accurate means of analyzing chemicals, especially in small quantities.
• What is the nature of crude oil as a resource?

  Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks.
• What is the significance of hydrocarbons in crude oil?

  Hydrocarbons are significant as they are the primary compounds found in crude oil, consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
• What is the role of carbon atoms in forming compounds?

  Carbon atoms can form families of similar compounds, leading to a vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds.
• What is the importance of recognizing alkanes from their formulae?

  Recognizing alkanes from their formulae is important for identifying their chemical properties and reactions.
• What is the significance of balancing chemical equations in cracking?

  Balancing chemical equations in cracking is significant for understanding the conservation of mass during chemical reactions.
• Why is it important to know the conditions used for fermentation of sugar using yeast?

  Knowing the conditions for fermentation is important for optimizing the production of ethanol from sugar solutions.
• What is the significance of recognizing carboxylic acids from their names or formulae?

  Recognizing carboxylic acids is significant for understanding their chemical behavior and reactions.