ACUTE + CHRONIC INFLAMMATIONS

• What is inflammation?

  protective response to tissue insult or injury aimed at eliminating the cause of injury, remove damaged celled and initiate repair
•  5 carinal signs of inflammation:

  • calor/warmth
  • rubour/redness/erythmea
  • tumour/swelling/oedema
  • dolor/pain
  • functino laesa/lack of function
• What did John Hunter propose?

  inflammation wasn’t a disease but a response to tissue injury
• When did John Hunter propose this idea?

  late 18th century
• Who introduced the idea of functino laesa?

  Ruodolf Virchow - father of pathology
• Cells involved in an inflammatory response:

  • Liver production of proteins of complement, clotting and acute phase
  • Vasculature and it’s endothelium
  • Circulating plasma proteins and cells of the immune system
• What are sources of mediators?

  • nitric acid
  • histamines
  • cytokines
• What do PMN leukocytes do?

  Elimination of microbes and dead tissues
• What do extra cellular proteins matrix do?

  repair
• When is an inflammatory reaction triggered?

  induced by chemical mediators that are produced by host cells in response to injurious stimuli
• Steps for an inflammatory response:

  • RECOGNITION of injury
  • RECUIRMENT of leukocyte
  • REMOVAL of the agent causing the injury
  • REGULATION of the response
  • RESOLUTION of the response and repair
• Examples of the injurious stimuli which can trigger inflammatory reactions:

  • infectious agents- bacteria, yeast, virus
  • foreign bodies
  • immune reactions, e.g. immune complex like antigen-antibody complex
  • physical
  • irritation
  • thermal injury
• What do we call the immune complex if it is self?

  auto immune complex
• what can happen if the noxious stimulus cannot be removed and or the acute inflammatory response is not resolved?

  can lead to state of chronic inflammation
• when can inflammation cause damage?

  • very strong inflammatory reaction - e.g. severe infection
  • prolonged reaction - agent resists eradication
  • response is inappropriate - e.g. self or harmless environmental antigen
• what does thermal injury lead to sometimes?

  tissue necrosis
• what is the onset of acute inflammation?

  fast min hours
• what is the duration of acute inflammation

  short few mins- few days
• what are the infiltrating cells in acute inflammation?

  PMNS and macrophage
• what type of injury is caused in acute?


  self limiting
• what are the local systemic signs of acute inflammation?

  prominent
• what is the onset of chronic inflammation?

  slow/days
• what is the duration of chronic inflammation

  variable

  possible months or years
• what are the infiltrating cells in chronic inflammation

  macrophage and lymphocyte due to the fact adaptive immune system to contribute
• what type of injury is caused in chronic

  severe gets progressively worse
• what might differ between acute and chronic inflammation macrophages

  might be activated differently
• what is the local and systemic signs of chronic

  less prominent can be subtle
• what are the two major groups of activities in acute inflammation

  vascular changes

  cellular events
• what does acute inflammation do

  delivers leukocytes (leukocytes clean infection + dead cells) and plasma proteins to the injury site
• what is included in vascular changes

  vasodilation

  vascular permeability

  endothelial cell activity
• what is included in cellular events

  leukocyte recruitment