AC 1.3

• What is the primary concern of the crime control model of justice?

  The primary concern is the suppression of crime to protect people's freedom.
• Who described the two models of criminal justice in 1968?

  Herbert Packer
• What does the crime control model prioritize?

  It prioritizes catching and punishing offenders.
• What presumption does the crime control model start from?

  It starts from a presumption of guilt.
• How does the crime control model view police investigations?

  It trusts the police to identify those who are probably guilty.
• What type of justice system does the crime control model favor?

  A conveyor belt or assembly line justice system.
• What is the stance of the crime control model on convicting innocent people?

  It argues that convicting a few innocent people is a price worth paying.
• What does the due process model aim to protect?

  It aims to protect the accused from oppression by the state.
• What presumption does the due process model start from?

  It starts from a presumption of innocence.
• What is the due process model's view on police investigations?

  It has less faith in the police's ability to conduct satisfactory investigations.
• What type of rules does the due process model advocate for?


  It advocates for a set of due process rules that investigations and trials must follow.
• What is a consequence of the due process model's rules?


  It may lead to guilty individuals going free on a technicality.
• How does the crime control model relate to right realism?

  It is a right-wing conservative approach that aligns with right realist theories of crime.
• What functionalist theory is linked to the crime control model?

  Durkheim's functionalist theory that punishment reinforces society's moral boundaries.
• What does the due process model aim to prevent?

  It aims to prevent state agencies from oppressing individuals.
• How does the due process model relate to labeling theory?

  It offers protection against police harassment of negatively labeled groups.
• What is a key feature of the justice system in England and Wales regarding due process?

  There are many due process rules in place to protect individuals' rights.
• What can legally obtained evidence do in court according to the crime control model?

  It can be admitted if it helps establish the truth.
• What is a potential issue with the justice system's operation in practice?

  There have been miscarriages of justice due to failure to follow correct procedures.
• Who was wrongly jailed for the murder of her two baby sons?

  Sally Clark
• What happened in the case of the Birmingham Six?

  They were wrongly convicted due to fabricated evidence and police misconduct.
• What did the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad do?

  They were responsible for malpractice, including perjury and fabricating confessions.
• What is a common outcome for cases involving miscarriages of justice?

  Cases often collapse in court or guilty verdicts are quashed on appeal.
• What are the key features of the crime control model of justice?

  • Prioritizes suppression of crime
  • Presumption of guilt
  • Trust in police investigations
  • Conveyor belt justice system
  • Willingness to convict innocent individuals for the sake of punishing the guilty
• What are the key features of the due process model of justice?

  • Aims to protect the accused from state oppression
  • Presumption of innocence
  • Emphasis on due process rules
  • Safeguards against police misconduct
  • Rights of the accused prioritized over those of victims
• How do the two models of justice relate to the UK justice system?

  • Rules governing the justice system can support either model.
  • Due process rules protect individual rights during investigations and trials.
  • Crime control model may be supported by judges admitting evidence that aids in establishing truth.
  • Practical application may differ from theoretical principles.
• What are some examples of miscarriages of justice in the UK?

  • Colin Stagg: Attempted entrapment without evidence.
  • Sally Clark: Wrongly jailed due to failure to disclose evidence.
  • Birmingham Six: Wrongly convicted due to fabricated evidence and police misconduct.
  • West Midlands Serious Crime Squad: Involved in multiple cases of malpractice.