AC 3.1

• What is the purpose of compiling a list of criminal justice agencies in class?

  To understand the different ways in which they control people's behavior.
• What is social control in the context of criminal justice?


  • Involves getting people to conform to society's norms and laws.
  • Maintained by various agencies, both government-controlled and independent.
• Which agencies are involved in maintaining social control?

  The police, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), the judiciary, prisons, and probation services.
• What is the role of voluntary organizations in social control?

  They aim to change government policies and influence social behavior.
• Who founded the Metropolitan Police and when?

  Sir Robert Peel in 1829.
• What is the basic mission of the police according to Sir Robert Peel?

  To prevent crime and disorder.
• What does the police's ability to perform their duties depend on?

  The public's cooperation and approval.
• What is the last resort for the police according to Peel's philosophy?

  The use of physical force.
• How does Peel's philosophy define the relationship between the police and the public?

  The police are citizens paid to uphold the law.
• What are the aims of the police according to the Association of Chief Police Officers?

  • Keep the peace and maintain order.
  • Protect life and property.
  • Prevent, detect, and investigate crime.
  • Bring offenders to justice.
• What legal powers do the police have under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984?

  To stop, question, search, arrest, and detain individuals.
• What was the total police budget for 2020/21?


  £15.2 billion.
• From where does the majority of police funding come?

  Central government.
• What was the percentage decrease in police funding between 2010 and 2018?

  19%.
• How many police officers were there in England and Wales by 2020?

  123,000.
• What are the types of police forces in the UK?

  • 39 regional police forces in England.
  • 4 police forces in Wales.
  • 1 police force for Scotland.
  • 1 police force for Northern Ireland.
  • Specialist organizations like the National Crime Agency and British Transport Police.
• What are the general duties of most police officers?

  Patrolling areas, responding to public calls, securing crime scenes, and gathering evidence.
• What are some examples of specialist police units?

  • Criminal Investigation Department (CID).
  • Fraud and drugs squads.
  • Special Branch.
  • Covert operations and surveillance teams.
  • Traffic and mounted police.
• What is the status of police officers in Britain regarding armament?

  Most police officers are unarmed.
• What are Special Constables?


  Unpaid, part-time volunteers with the same training and legal powers as paid officers.
• What is the role of Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs)?

  To represent the local population and set policing priorities.
• What is the main function of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)?

  • To prosecute serious criminal cases.
  • To advise police on investigations.
  • To assess evidence and decide on charges.
  • To support victims and witnesses.
• When was the Crown Prosecution Service established?

  In 1996.
• What are the two main tests the CPS applies when deciding to prosecute?

  The evidential test and the public interest test.
• What does the evidential test require from prosecutors?

  Enough admissible evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction.
• What factors are considered in the public interest test?

  Seriousness of the offence, suspect's culpability, victim's harm, suspect's age, community impact, and proportionality of prosecution.
• What is the Threshold Test in the context of the CPS?


  It allows charging a suspect even if there isn't enough evidence for immediate prosecution under certain conditions.
• What are the six principles of judicial conduct for judges?

  1. Judicial independence.

  2. Impartiality.

  3. Integrity.

  4. Propriety.

  5. Equal treatment.

  6. Competence.
• What is the role of the judiciary?

  To interpret and apply the law to cases that come before them.
• What is the significance of judges swearing oaths upon appointment?

  To ensure loyalty and impartiality in their judicial duties.
• What is the funding body for judges' salaries in the UK?

  The body that makes recommendations to the Prime Minister and the Lord Chancellor.
• How is the judiciary organized in the UK?

  In a clear hierarchy with superior judges and inferior judges.
• What types of cases do judges handle?

  All types of offences and offenders.
• What is the role of the Supreme Court in the judiciary?

  • It has nationwide jurisdiction.
  • It settles points of law of national importance.
  • It hears appeals from lower courts.
• What is the primary function of prisons in the criminal justice system?

  To incarcerate offenders as part of their punishment.
• What is the importance of maintaining the independence of judges?

  To uphold the rule of law and defend the rights of citizens
• Why do judges have security of tenure?


  To prevent their removal from office except under specific circumstances
• How can judges be removed from office?

  By a petition to the Queen passed by both Houses of Parliament
• When was the last time a judge was removed from office?

  In 1830
• What is guaranteed for judges in terms of their salary?

  Judges' salaries are guaranteed and not subject to arbitrary changes