AC 3.2

• What is the purpose of modifying prisoners' behavior according to the study material?

  To reduce crime
• How do changes in policy affect crime prevention agencies?

  They can lead to budget cuts for the police and prisons
• What are the two ways the built environment can affect crime according to some criminologists?

  • Influencing potential offenders by presenting opportunities to commit crime
  • Affecting people's ability to exercise control over their surroundings
• Who argues that the built environment can influence crime levels?

  Some criminologists
• What is the concept of defensible space as proposed by Oscar Newman?

  It refers to spaces that are designed to be defensible against crime
• What percentage of crimes in New York high-rise blocks occurred in public spaces according to Newman?

  55%
• What are the four key features of defensible spaces according to Newman?

  • Territoriality
  • Natural surveillance
  • A safe image
  • A protected location
• What does territoriality in defensible spaces encourage?

  A sense of ownership among residents
• How does natural surveillance contribute to crime prevention?

  It allows residents to identify and observe strangers
• What is the impact of a negative image on a neighborhood?

  It leads to stigmatization and targeting by offenders
• What does a safe location in a neighborhood imply?

  It is insulated from the outside world by a moat of safety
• What is Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)?

  • An approach that alters the built environment to reduce crime
  • Developed by C.R. Jeffery
  • Focuses on creating or denying opportunities to criminals
• Who analyzed 4,099 blocks in London and linked poor design to higher crime rates?

  Alice Coleman
• What design features did Alice Coleman identify as encouraging crime?

  Anonymity, lack of surveillance, and easy escape
• What was the result of removing overhead walkways on the Lisson Green estate?

  It led to a 50% reduction in crime
• What is the purpose of the Secured by Design (SBD) kitemark scheme?

  To indicate that a new building meets crime prevention standards
• What are gated lanes and their purpose in crime prevention?

  • Lockable gates installed to prevent access to alleyways
  • Used to prevent burglaries and anti-social behavior
  • Create safe play areas for children
• What did Sidebottom et al find about the effectiveness of gates in reducing burglary rates?

  Gates provide a physical barrier and increase guardianship
• What is the 'broken windows' problem in relation to open alleys?

  Disorderly, uncared-for spaces invite crime
• What is the average cost of installing a gate according to Sidebottom et al?

  £728 per gate
• What are some limitations of gated lanes as a crime prevention strategy?

  They don't prevent crime from residents within the gated area
• How does CPTED relate to right realist theories?

  • Links with Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) through target hardening
  • Relates to Felson's routine activity theory emphasizing capable guardians
  • Connects with Rational Choice Theory regarding offenders' rational decisions
• What is a criticism of CPTED regarding the types of crime it addresses?

  CPTED focuses on defense from outsiders but cannot prevent crimes committed by insiders
• What does Foucault's concept of the Panopticon illustrate about social control?

  It shows how self-surveillance is a form of social control
• What is the meaning of the term 'Panopticon'?

  'All-seeing'
• How does the design of the Panopticon affect prisoners' behavior?

  Prisoners discipline themselves due to uncertainty about being watched
• What are behavioral tactics in crime prevention?

  • Methods used by agencies to change individuals' behavior
  • Aim to conform to social norms and laws
• What does ASBO stand for?

  Anti-Social Behaviour Order
• What was the purpose of ASBOs introduced by the New Labour government?

  To deal with low-level anti-social behavior
• What happens if someone breaches the conditions of an ASBO?


  It becomes a criminal offence punishable by up to five years in prison
• What do labeling theorists argue about ASBOs?

  They can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy for individuals
• What are Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs) designed to address?

  Seriously anti-social individuals causing harassment, alarm, or distress
• What are the consequences of breaching a Criminal Behaviour Order?

  Up to five years in prison for adults or two years detention for under-18s
• What are the differences between negative and positive requirements in CBOs?

  • Negative requirements: Forbids certain actions (e.g., going to specific places)
  • Positive requirements: Requires individuals to take actions to improve behavior (e.g., joining a treatment program)
• What is a token economy in the context of behavior modification?

  • A program used in prisons and institutions to reshape inmate behavior
  • Rewards positive behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges
• What is the duration of a Criminal Behaviour Order (CBO) for adults?

  At least two years
• What is the duration of a CBO for individuals under 18?


  One to two years
• What are the consequences of breaching a CBO for adults?

  Up to five years in prison
• What are the consequences of breaching a CBO for under-18s?

  Up to two years detention
• What are the two types of requirements that a CBO can have?

  • Negative requirements: Forbids certain actions (e.g., going to specific places)
  • Positive requirements: Requires positive actions (e.g., joining a drug treatment program)