Cell Biology

    Cards (34)

    • 2 types of cells are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
    • Eukaryotes include all plant and animal cells
    • Prokaryotes include smaller and simple cells like bacteria
    • The cytoplasm contains enzymes
    • Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria
    • Bacteria cells contain loops of DNA called plasmids
    • Electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolution
    • magnification formula
      magnification=image size/real size
    • Differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
    • 6 types of specialised cells
      Sperm, Muscle, Nerve, Root, Phloem, Xylem
    • Before a cell divides what does it first do
      Cell has to grow and increase amount of mitochondria and ribosomes
    • After the increase in subcellular strucutres what happens next?
      DNA duplicates
    • What does duplication of DNA form
      X-Shaped Chromosomes
    • Describe the first stage of mitosis
      Chromosomes line up at centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart, 2 arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell,
    • Describe the second stage of mitosis(after chromosomes have been pulled apart.
      Membranes form around each set of chromosomes, these become the nuclei of 2 new cells
    • Describe the last part of mitosis
      Cytopasm and membrane divide to form 2 new identical daughter cells.
    • Summarise Cell Cycle
      Genetic material doubles then divides into 2 cells
    • Define Mitosis
      Cell division forming 2 identical daughter cells
    • Prokaryotic Cells replicate using
      Binary Fission
    • What happens in the first stage of Binary Fission
      The circular DNA and plasmids replicate
    • Second Stage of Binary Fission
      The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of the cell
    • Third Stage of Binary Fission
      The cytoplasm begins to divide and the new cell wall begins to form
    • Fourth stage of Binary Fission
      The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced. Each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA, but have different numbers of Plasmids.
    • Stems cells are found in
      Human embryos and Bone marrow
    • Adult stem cells unlike embryonic stem cells can only turn into certain cells
    • In plants stem cells are found in the
      Meristem
    • These plant stem cells have 3 main uses
      To produce clones
      To grow more plants of a rare species(prevent extinction)
      To produce clones with desired features
    • Definition of Diffusion
      Spreading out of particles from aan area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
    • Definition of Osmosis
      The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an region of high concentration to an region of lower concentration.
    •  Definition of Active Transport
      The process of moving molecules against a concentration gradient, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, using energy. 
    • Active transport is commonly used in
      Root hair cells and the gut
    • Adaptations of Alveoli
      Large surface area
      Moist Lining for dissolving gases
      Thin walls
      Good blood supply
    • The strucutre of Leaves are adapted to let gases diffuse in and out of cells
    • Villi provide a large surface area to
      Absorb nutrients much more quickly into the blood