PPT ANIMAL TISSUE

• WHERE DO TISSUES FIT IN THE LIVING ORGANISM?

  • Life begins as a single cell called a zygote after fertilization
  • This cell differentiates into a variety of tissues. (Group of cells with the same function)
  • A group of tissues with the same function forms an organ.
  • Group of organs - Organ system
  • Group of organ systems - Organism
• WHAT IS TISSUE?

  SPECIALIZED CELL of the same type that perform a common function in the body.
• MAJOR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE

  • EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Covers or lines body cavity and forms glands.

  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Binds different organs together and support the body.

  • MUSCLE TISSUE: Movement

  • NERVOUS TISSUE: Senses and transmits impulses
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE

  A) SQUAMOS

  B) CUBOIDAL

  C) COLUMNAR

  D) CILLIATED

  E) GLANDULAR

  
• 5 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

  • SQUAMOUS
  • CUBOIDAL
  • COLUMNAR
  • CILLIATED
  • GLANDULAR

  
• SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE

  STRUCTURE

  • Single layer thin, large, flattened cells

  • Cells have irregular shape and are closely packed in mosaic form.

  • Cells are attached to a basement membrane.

  FUNCTIONS

  • Diffusion of gasses can occur easily over surface.

  • Supply friction free surface for blood flow.

  • Protects and supports underlying tissue

  WHERE?

  • Lining of lungs and blood vessels

  • In mouth and esophagus

  
• CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE

  STRUCTUTE

  • Square cells, closely packed in a single layer.

  • Cells attached to a basement membrane.

  FUNCTION

  • Absorbs molecules

  WHERE?

  • Lining of kidney tubules

  • Lining various glands

  
• COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE

  STRUCTURE

  • Tall elongated, column-shaped cells.

  • Nucleus near the base of the cell.

  • Cells are attached to a basement membrane.

  FUNCTIONS

  • Plays a role in absorption of nutrients.

  • Protects and supports underlying tissues

  WHERE?

  •Lining of small intestine, stomach and oviducts

  
• CILLIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE

  STRUCTURE

  • Comprises of columnar cells with cilia at their free edges

  FUNCTIONS

  • Sweeps impurities towards throat

  • Improves movement of substance through the ducts.

  WHERE?

  •Lining of trachea and nostrils, bronchi and sperm ducts)

  
• GLANDULAR COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE

  STRUCTURE

  • Consist of cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells.

  • Unicellular glandular cells with goblet cells scattered among non-glandular cells.

  FUNCTIONS

  • Produce mucus which serves to lubricate the intestine and make movement of food easier.

  • Keep respiratory passage moist.

  • Secrete enzymes, hormones, sweat, wax and saliva.

  WHERE?

  • In small intestine and respiratory passages.

  • Occur in salivary glands, thyroid gland and sebaceous glands in the skin.

  
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  LOOSE AREOLAR FIBROUS

  CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  DENSE WHITE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  DENSE YELLOW FIBROUS

  CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  ADIPOSE TISSUE
• LOOSE AREOLAR FIBROUS

  • Occurs beneath the skin and most epithelial layers connecting organs together.

  • Filling the spaces between organs and muscles, around muscles and blood vessels

  
• DESCRIPTION OF LOOSE AREOLAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • Loosely arranged tissue

  • In jelly-like matrix there are 4 types of living cells and two types of non-living cells.

  Macrophages

  Mast cells

  Fat cells

  Fibroblasts

  Collagen fibres

  Elastic fibres

  
• FUNCTIONS OF LOOSE AREOLAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • Areolar tissue binds organs or organ components together and supports structures.

  • Allows for movement between structures.

  • The matrix allows for diffusion of substances like gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes to and from the blood.

  
• LOOSE AREOLAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • Fibroblasts - secrete collagen and produce elastic fibres.

  • Macrophages - Engulf foreign particles by means of phagocytosis to defend the body against infection.

  • Mast cells - They secrete the matrix, release histamine during inflammation, produce heparin (anticoagulant).

  • Fat cells - Synthesis and storage of fats.

  • Collagen fibres strengthen the tissue.

  • Elastic fibres - Allows for expansion and contraction.
• LOOSE AREOLAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  A) fibroblast nuclei

  B) collagen fibres

  C) elastic fibres

  D) mast cells

  
• LOOSE AREOLAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  A) mast cells

  B) elastic fibres

  C) collagen fibres

  D) fibroblast

  E) macrophage

  F) fat cells

  G) ground substance

  
• MACROPHAGES, PLASMA CELLS MAST CELLS AND ELASTIC FIBRES

  
• FIBROBLASTS

  
• DENSE WHITE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • In dermis of skin, tendons

  FUNCTIONS:

  • Attach muscle to bones

  
• DESCRIPTION OF DENSE WHITE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • Consist of white collagen fibres and a network of yellow elastic fibres.

  • The collagen fibres are non-elastic, densely packed, arranged in parallel bundles, and has a shiny appearance.

  • Fibroblasts are elongated cells and occur parallel in rows.

  • Minimum amount of matrix

  A) fibroblast nuclei

  B) fibroblast

  C) collagen fibres

  
• DENSE YELLOW FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • In ligaments

  FUNCTIONS:

  • Attach bone to bone

  • Hold bones of a joint in place.

  • Restrict movement of bones and prevent dislocation during normal movement.

  A) collagen fibres

  B) elastic fibres

  C) elongated fibroblast

  
• DESCRIPTION OF DENSE YELLOW FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • Consist of white collagen fibres and a network of yellow elastic fibres.

  • Ligaments are strong and flexible.

  
• ADIPOSE TISSUE (ADIPOCYTES - FAT CELLS)

  • Found beneath the skin, around heart and other organs.

  FUNCTION:

  • Insulation

  • Stores fat.

  DESCRIPTION:

  • Large round cells filled with fat or oil.

  
• COLLAGEN FIBRES AND ADIPOSE CELLS

  
• SUPPORTIVE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  HYALINE CARTILAGE

  WHITE FIBROUS CARTILAGE

  YELLOW ELASTIC CARTILAGE

  BONE
• HYALINE CARTILAGE

  • Occurs at the ends of bones in movable joints. Parts of the larynx.

  • In the walls of the trachea and bronchi.

  • In between the ribs and the sternum.

  • On the tip of the nose

  • it maintains shape and structure

  
• HYALINE CARTILAGE

  A) perichondrium

  B) hyaline cartilage

  C) hyaline cartilage

  D) hyaline cartilage

  E) perichondrium

  F) hyaline cartilage

  G) loose connective tissue

  H) muscle

  
• DESCRIPTION OF HYALINE CARTILAGE

  
  

  • Contains fine collagen fibres.

  • White translucent matrix.

  • Cartilage tissue is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the perichondrium with blood vessels for nutrition.

  • It consists of living cells called chondrocytes.

  • They occur in small fluid-filled spaces called lacunae. In the lacunae the cells are arranged singular or in groups.

  
• FUNCTIONS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE

  • Provides smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints.

  • Provides flexibility and support

  • Reduce in friction in joints
• FIBROCARTILGE

  • Occurs as disks between the vertebrae.

  • Surrounds the edges of the sockets of ball-and- socket joints.

  • Between the pubic bones in front of the pelvic girdle.

  
• FUNCTIONS OF FIBROCARTILAGE

  • It serves as shock absorbers between adjacent vertebrae.

  • It deepens sockets to make dislocation less easy.

  • act as a cushion within joints, where it helps manage compression forces and reduces stress placed on joints.
• ELASTIC CARTILAGE

  • In the ear lobe
  • At the tip of the nose
  • In the epiglottis.
  • Septum of nose

  
• ELASTIC CARTILAGE

  FUNCTIONS

  • It maintains the shape and flexibility of the ear lobe and tip of the nose.

  • It strengthens and supports the ear, nose and epiglottis.

  DESCRIPTION

  • Contain collagen fibres and a large network of elastic fibres.

  • Translucent matrix.

  • Cartilage tissue is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the perichondrium with blood vessels for nutrition.

  • It consists of living cells called chondrocytes.

  • They occur in small fluid-filled spaces called lacunae. In the lacunae the cells are arranged singular or in groups.

  
• COMPACT BONE

  • Occur in the bones of the skeleton

  FUNCTIONS

  • Support

  • Protection

  • Locomotion

  • Red blood corpuscles and white blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow

  A) spongy bone

  B) compact bone

  C) yellow marrow

  
• COMPACT BONE

  A) articular cartilage

  B) articular cartilage

  C) spongy bone

  
• DESCRIPTION OF compact bone

  • The matrix of compact bone consists of collagen fibres together with calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.

  • These components are arranged in circles called lamellae, around the Haversian canal, containing artery, vein and nerve.

  • Contain bone cells called osteocytes

  A) lacuna

  B) haversian canal

  C) LAMELLA

  D) cement line

  E) lacuna

  F) canaliculi

  
• FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  BLOOD

  • BLOOD PLASMA
  • ERYTHROCYTES
  • LEUCOCYTES
  • BLOOD PLATELETS
• BLOODPLASMA

  WHERE?

  • Matrix in which the blood cells are found.

  FUNCTIONS:

  • Transport various formed elements to body parts.

  • Dispersion medium.

  • Transports digested food.

  • Transports cellular waste.

  • Transports hormones.

  • Plays a role in regulation of body temperature.

  • Transports antibodies

  DESCRIPTION

  • Straw color fluid consisting mainly of water with many substances in solution like nutrients, organic waste, inorganic salts and ions, plasma protein, dissolved gases, hormones, enzymes and antibodies.