Biology- respiration

• What is respiration?


  Respiration is a chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms.
• How is energy released from glucose during respiration?

  Energy is released from glucose either in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration).

  
• What are the waste products of respiration?

  The reactions ultimately result in the production of carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

  
• In what form is energy transferred during respiration?

  Energy is transferred in the form of ATP.

  
• What is the difference between respiration and gas exchange?

  Respiration uses the oxygen supplied from gas exchange to release energy in the form of ATP.

  
• What is produced during cellular respiration?

  Several molecules of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) are produced during cellular respiration.

  
• How does ATP provide energy for cells?

  ATP can be broken down to release energy for living processes to occur within cells and organisms.
• What are some processes that require energy from ATP?

  • Chemical reactions to build larger molecules from smaller molecules
  • Muscle contraction to allow movement
  • Keeping warm to maintain a constant temperature suitable for enzyme activity

  
• What are the key differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

  Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.

  
• Compare the products and energy transfer of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

  • Aerobic respiration: Produces carbon dioxide and water, releases a large amount of energy.
  • Anaerobic respiration: Produces lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in plants), releases a small amount of energy.

  
• What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

  Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

  
• What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

  $C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} +$$6O_{2} → 6CO_{2} +$$6H_{2}O$
• What is anaerobic respiration?


  Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.

  
• What happens during anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Glucose is broken down without oxygen, producing lactic acid instead.

  
• What is lactic acid and its effect on muscle cells?

  Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells and lowers the pH of the muscle tissue, making conditions more acidic.

  
• What is the term for the amount of oxygen required to break down lactic acid?

  The amount of oxygen required to break down lactic acid is referred to as the 'oxygen debt.'

  
• What is fermentation in the context of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

  Fermentation is the process where yeast breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

  
• What are the practical methods to investigate respiration?

  1. Investigating the production of carbon dioxide using germinating seeds or woodlice.

  2. Investigating the production of heat using vacuum flasks and thermometers.

  
• What color does hydrogencarbonate indicator turn in high CO2 levels?

  In high CO2 levels, the indicator absorbs CO2 and becomes yellow.

  
• What is expected to happen to the color of the indicator in the experiment with germinating seeds?

  Tube A should turn yellow as the seeds are respiring and producing carbon dioxide.
• What is the expected temperature change in the flask with germinating seeds?

  The thermometer in the flask with the germinating seeds should show an increase in temperature.

  
• What is the CORMS evaluation in practical investigations?

  • Change: Content of the boiling tube (germinating seeds, dead seeds, glass beads).
  • Organisms: Same age, size, and species of seeds.
  • Repeat: Repeat the investigation for reliability.
  • Measurement 1: Observe the change in the hydrogen carbonate indicator.
  • Measurement 2: Time after 3 hours.
  • Same: Control volume of indicator, number of seeds/beads, temperature.

  
• What are the key components of the second investigation's CORMS evaluation?

  • Change: Content of the flasks (germinating seeds or dead seeds).
  • Organisms: Same age, size, and species of seeds.
  • Repeat: Repeat the investigation for reliability.
  • Measurement 1: Observe the change in temperature.
  • Measurement 2: Time after 4 days.
  • Same: Control number of seeds, starting temperature, material and size of flasks.

  
• What is respiration?


  Respiration is a chemical reaction carried out in all living organisms.

  
• How is energy released from glucose during respiration?

  Energy is released from glucose either in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration).

  
• What are the waste products of respiration?

  The reactions ultimately result in the production of carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

  
• In what form is energy transferred during respiration?

  Energy is transferred in the form of ATP.

  
• What is the difference between respiration and gas exchange?

  Respiration uses the oxygen supplied from gas exchange to release energy in the form of ATP.

  
• What is produced during cellular respiration?

  Several molecules of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) are produced.

  
• How does ATP provide energy for cells?

  ATP can be broken down to release energy for living processes to occur within cells and organisms.

  
• What are some processes that require energy from ATP?

  • Chemical reactions to build larger molecules from smaller molecules
  • Muscle contraction to allow movement
  • Keeping warm to maintain a constant temperature suitable for enzyme activity
• What are the key differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

  Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.

  
• What are the products of aerobic respiration?

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • Useful cellular energy (ATP)

  
• What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

  Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

  
• What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

  $C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} +$$6O_{2} → 6CO_{2} +$$6H_{2}O$
• How many marks are usually given for the aerobic respiration chemical equation in an exam?

  There are usually 3 marks given for the aerobic respiration chemical equation in an exam.

  
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  Anaerobic respiration is the chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.

  
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid.

  
• What happens to glucose during anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Glucose is broken down without oxygen, producing lactic acid instead.

  
• What is oxygen debt?

  The amount of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid that has built up is referred to as the 'oxygen debt'.