Child and Adolescent Learners...

• What is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage in Piaget's theory?

  Typically occurring between the ages of 7 and 11.
• What cognitive skills are developed during the Concrete Operational Stage?

  Logical thinking and the ability to perform operations on concrete objects and events.
• What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?

  1. Sensorimotor: Birth through 2 years old

  2. Pre-operational: Toddlerhood through early childhood (2-7 years old)

  3. Concrete operational: Ages 7-11 years old

  4. Formal operational: Adolescence through adulthood (12 years and older)
• What is the term used to describe self-centered thinking in children?

  Egocentric thinking.
• What does the term "seriation" refer to in cognitive development?

  It refers to the ability to arrange objects in an orderly sequence.
• What are Erikson's psychosocial development stages from infancy to adulthood?

  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 0-1½ years)

  2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood: 1½-3 years)

  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool: 3-6 years)

  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School-age: 6-12 years)

  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 12-20 years)

  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood: 20-35 years)

  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood: 35-65 years)

  8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood: 65 years and older)
• What is the epigenetic principle in Erikson's theory?

  It states that development occurs in a predetermined order, with each stage building on the previous one.
• What is the focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

  It focuses on the progression of moral reasoning through different levels.
• What are the three levels of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

  1. Pre-conventional Level

  • Punishment and obedience orientation
  • Self-interest orientation

  2. Conventional Level

  • Good boy-nice girl orientation
  • Law and order orientation

  3. Post-conventional Level

  • Social contract orientation
  • Universal ethical principles
• What does Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development refer to?

  It refers to the range of tasks that a learner can perform with guidance but not yet independently.
• What is the role of scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory?

  Scaffolding involves providing support and guidance to help learners master tasks that are just beyond their current abilities.
• What is the age range for the Pre-conventional Level of moral development according to Kohlberg?

  Typically ages 3-7.
• What is the age range for the Conventional Level of moral development according to Kohlberg?

  Typically ages 8-13.
• What is the age range for the Post-conventional Level of moral development according to Kohlberg?

  Typically adulthood.
• What is the significance of moral reasoning based on personal ethical principles in Kohlberg's theory?

  It reflects a higher level of moral reasoning where individuals make decisions based on their own ethical beliefs.
• What does the term "good boy-nice girl orientation" refer to in Kohlberg's moral development stages?

  It refers to the moral reasoning based on gaining approval from others.
• What does "law and order orientation" signify in Kohlberg's moral development stages?

  It signifies moral reasoning based on maintaining social order and following laws.
• What does "punishment and compliance" refer to in Kohlberg's moral development stages?

  It refers to moral reasoning based on avoiding punishment.