Q+A

• What type of cells are animal and plant cells

  eukaryotic
• what type of cells are bacterial cells?

  prokaryotic
• what organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

  chloroplasts, cell wall and vacuole
• list the 5 organelles in a bacterial cell

  cell membrane

  cytoplasm

  cell wall

  plasmids

  flagella
• what does the nucleus do?

  contains genetic material
• what does the cytoplasm do?

  contains enzymes for chemical reactions
• what does the cell membrane do?

  controls what goes in and out of the cell
• what does the mitochondria do?

  carries out respiration
• what do the ribosomes do?

  where proteins are made
• Define ‘differentiation’

  The process where a cell adapts and changes to carry out a specific function
• give three ways that sperm cells are adapted to heir function

  long flagella and streamline head to help it swim

  lots of mitochondria for energy
• give two ways nerve cells are adapted to their function

  branched connections to connect to other nerve cells

  long to carry more Distnace
• give two ways muscle cells are adapted to there function

  long for space to contract

  lots of mitochondria for energy
• Give a way that rot hair cells are adapted to their function

  Big surface area to absorb more minerals and water faster
• How do light microscopes allow us to see?

  By using lenses and light
• how do electron microscopes allow us to see?

  use electrons to for an image
• what small sub-cellular structures do electron microscopes allow you to see?

  mitochondria and chloroplasts
• what is the equation for magnification?

  Imagine size/actual size
• When preparing a slide why is iodine used on the cells?


  The stain them and highlight the sub-cellular structures
• when preparing a slide why is a coverslip placed on the slide at an angle?


  to reduce to chance of getting air bubbles
• in microscopy what is used to move the stage upwards?


  coarse adjuster
• in microscopy if you need to see the slide with a greater magnification what do you do?


  swap to a high powered objective lens
• when drawing your results for microscopy what are 3 things you need to make sure?

  use clear, unbroken lines

  subcellular structures are drawn in proportion

  include a title and labels
• What happens during the cell cycle?


  Genetic material is doubled and divided into two identical cells
• what is the purpose of the cell cycle?

  makes new cells for growth, development and repair
• what happens first int he cell cycle?


  the number of sub-cellular structures increase
• what happens second in the cell cycle?

  dna replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
• what happens first during mitosis ?


  chromosomes line up in the centre and are pulled to the end of the cell
• what happens second during mitosis?


  the nucleus divides

  two identical daughter cells are produced
• what’s the product of the cell cycle?


  two identical daughter cells
• Why can stem cells turn into any type of cell?


  they are undifferentiated
• what can embryonic stem cells be used for?

  they can be cloned and differentiated into most types of human cells
• where do embryonic stem cells come from?


  human embryos
• where are adult stem cells from?


  bone marrow
• whats an example of a cell and adult stem cell can differentiate into?


  blood cells
• what can stem cells help cure?


  diseases and conditions e.g paralysis and diabetes
• where are stem cell sound in plants?


  meristem
• what are plant stem cells used for (2)


  replicate rare species so they don’t go extinct

  crops with disease resistance can be cloned and produced rapidly
• Why re some people against stem cells?


  Ethnic reasons eg potential human life
• what happens during therapeutic cloning?


  an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient