DRAFT IGNORE

• The cell membrane is the outermost layer that surrounds all living cells.
• Cholesterol molecules are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer to maintain its fluidity at different temperatures.
• Cell membranes are composed mainly of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
• Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates.
• Proteins, such as enzymes or receptors, can be found on the surface of the plasma membrane.
• Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads (water-loving) and hydrophobic tails (water-hating).
• Glycoproteins have carbohydrate chains attached to them, which act as recognition sites for other cells.
• Cholesterol helps maintain fluidity and stability of the membrane.
• Phospholipids form a double-layered structure called a lipid bilayer, with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and their hydrophilic heads facing outward towards the watery environment inside and outside the cell.
• Integral proteins span across both layers of the lipid bilayer and play important roles in transporting substances into and out of the cell.
• Proteins can be found on both sides of the cell membrane, including integral proteins (embedded in the membrane) and peripheral proteins (attached to the surface).
• Phospholipids form a double-layered structure called a lipid bilayer, with their polar heads facing outward and nonpolar tails facing inward.
• Integral proteins include channel proteins, carrier proteins, receptor proteins, enzyme proteins, and structural proteins.
• What is the function of mitochondria?


  It is the site of respiration.
• What is a nanometre (nm)?


  A quantitative unit of length equal to ×10​-9​ metre.
• What is the nucleus?


  An organelle that contains the genetic material of the cell.
• What is an organelle?


  A specialised structure found inside a cell.
• What is osmosis?


  The diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane.
• What is adaptation in the context of climate change?

  Responding to climate change effects
• What does atmospheric circulation refer to?

  Movements of air due to pressure and temperature
• What causes atmospheric hazards?

  Weather and atmospheric processes
• What is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)?

  Capturing and storing carbon dioxide underground
• What is climate change?

  Change in global or regional climate patterns
• What characterizes a conservative plate margin?

  Two plates moving alongside each other
• What happens at a constructive plate margin?

  Two plates move away from each other
• What is continental crust?

  Thicker, less dense crust of continents
• What is a convection current?

  Fluid movement due to temperature or density differences
• What is the Coriolis Effect?

  Effect of Earth's rotation on wind movements
• What is a cyclone?

  Tropical storm hitting Oceania or Madagascar
• What defines a destructive plate margin?

  Two plates moving towards each other
• What does eccentricity refer to in Earth's orbit?

  Change from circular to elliptical orbit
• What is the eyewall in a tropical storm?

  Area with intense winds and torrential rain
• What occurs in the Ferrel Cell?

  Moist air rises and sinks at specific latitudes
• What are fossil fuels made from?

  Remains of organic material
• What is a geological hazard?

  Hazard caused by land processes
• What are greenhouse gases?

  Gases that trap energy in the atmosphere
• What is the Hadley Cell?

  Hot moist air rises and sinks at latitudes
• What is hazard risk?

  Probability of a natural hazard affecting a population
• What is a hotspot in geology?

  Area where hot magma breaks through a plate
• What is a hurricane?

  Tropical storm hitting the USA or Caribbean