P1&2: Topic1

• What are the three subatomic particles found in an atom?


  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• What charge do protons have?


  Protons have a charge of plus one
• What is the charge of neutrons?


  Neutrons have a charge of zero
• What charge do electrons have?

  Electrons have a charge of minus one
• What is the mass of protons and neutrons?

  Both protons and neutrons have a mass of one
• What is the mass of electrons?

  Electrons have a mass that is too small to count
• Why do atoms have an overall neutral charge?

  Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons, which cancel each other out
• What is an isotope?


  An isotope is a different version of an element's atom with a different number of neutrons
• How does the mass number of an atom change with isotopes?

  The mass number changes because it is the sum of protons and neutrons, and isotopes have different numbers of neutrons
• What are the two isotopes of carbon mentioned?


  Carbon-12 and Carbon-13
• What does the bottom number on the periodic table represent?


  The bottom number represents the atomic number, which tells us how many protons are in the atom
• How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?


  Subtract the atomic number from the mass number
• What is relative atomic mass?

  Relative atomic mass is an average of all the isotopes of an element
• How do you calculate the relative atomic mass of copper with isotopes copper-63 and copper-65?

  Multiply the mass by the percent of each isotope, add them together, and divide by 100
• What is the structure of the periodic table?

  • Organized into groups (columns) and periods (rows)
  • Metals on the left side, non-metals on the right
  • Group number indicates the number of electrons in the outer shell
  • Period number indicates the number of shells
• Who created the first periodic table?

  Mendeleev created the first periodic table
• Why did Mendeleev leave gaps in his periodic table?


  Mendeleev left gaps to predict undiscovered elements based on known characteristics
• What is an ionic bond?


  An ionic bond is a bond between a metal and a non-metal
• Why do atoms bond?

  Atoms bond to achieve a full outer shell of electrons
• What is an ion?

  An ion is a charged particle formed by the loss or gain of electrons
• What happens when an atom loses electrons?


  It forms a positive ion, known as a cation
• What happens when an atom gains electrons?

  It forms a negative ion, known as an anion
• How does sodium form an ionic bond with chlorine?

  Sodium loses one electron to form a positive ion, while chlorine gains that electron to form a negative ion
• What is the charge of oxygen when it gains two electrons?

  Oxygen forms a two minus charge
• What is the structure of ionic compounds?


  • Form a giant crystal lattice
  • Regular structure due to strong electrostatic forces
  • High melting and boiling points due to strong forces
  • Conduct electricity when molten or dissolved
• What is an ionic equation?


  An ionic equation shows what happens to each ion during a reaction
• How do you write an ionic equation from a normal equation?


  Split the ionic compounds into their ions and remove spectator ions
• What is a spectator ion?


  A spectator ion is an ion that does not change during a reaction
• What is the charge of the hydroxide ion (OH)?


  The hydroxide ion (OH) has a charge of minus one
• How does the ionic equation differ from the normal equation?

  The ionic equation focuses on the ions that participate in the reaction, excluding spectator ions
• What are spectator ions in ionic equations?


  They are ions that do not change during the reaction
• What is a covalent bond?

  A bond between non-metals involving a shared pair of electrons
• How do hydrogen atoms achieve a full outer shell through covalent bonding?


  By sharing their electrons with each other
• What is a double bond in covalent bonding?

  A bond where two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms
• What are the characteristics of covalent molecules?


  • Strong covalent bonds between atoms
  • Weak intermolecular forces between molecules
  • Tend to have low boiling points
  • Can easily turn into gases
• What are the two allotropes of carbon mentioned?

  Diamond and graphite
• Why is diamond considered very hard and strong?

  Because of its triangular and pyramid shape that distributes pressure evenly
• Why can't diamond conduct electricity?

  Because each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms, leaving no free electrons
• How is graphite structured, and what is its property related to lubrication?

  Graphite is organized in layers that can slide over each other, making it a good lubricant
• Why can graphite conduct electricity?

  Because it has a spare electron that can delocalize and conduct current